Departamento de Ciencias Farmacéuticas y de la Salud, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad San Pablo-CEU, CEU Universities, Urbanización Montepríncipe, Alcorcón, 28925 Madrid, Spain.
Spanish Nutrition Foundation (FEN), c/General Álvarez de Castro 20, 1ªpta, 28010 Madrid, Spain.
Nutrients. 2020 Oct 16;12(10):3171. doi: 10.3390/nu12103171.
Diet quality is a modifiable factor that may contribute to the onset of diet-related chronic diseases. Currently, in Spain there are no studies that examine the intakes and sources for total carbohydrates, starch, total sugar, and fiber by both children consuming all kind of milks and children regularly consuming adapted milk formulas. Our goal was to evaluate the contribution of different food groups to total carbohydrates, starch, total sugar, and fiber consumption within the EsNuPI study participants by assessing their usual intakes by applying two 24 h dietary recalls that were completed by 1448 children (1 to <10 years) divided into two cohorts: one Spanish Reference Cohort (SRS) of the general population ( = 707) and another cohort which included children consuming adapted milks including follow-on milk, toddler's or growing up milk, fortified and enriched milks, here called Adapted Milk Consumers Cohort" (AMS) ( = 741). Estimation of the usual intake showed that nutrient intake increased with age for all nutrients except for fiber. The percentage of children by age and gender who met the reference intake (RI) range for total carbohydrates, was in all groups more than 50% of individuals, except for girls aged 6 to <10 years from the reference cohort in which only 46.9% complied the RI. Median fiber intake, both in the SRS and the AMS, was well below the adequate intake (AI) for children between 3 and 10 years. Main total carbohydrates sources were cereals, followed by milk and dairy products, fruits, bakery and pastry, vegetables and sugars and sweets. The highest contributors to starch intakes were cereals, bakery and pastry, vegetables, and fruits. Major sources of total sugar intakes were milk and dairy products, fruits, bakery and pastry, sugars and sweets, vegetables, and cereals. Nonetheless, milk and dairy products, and fruits, mainly provided lactose and fructose, respectively, which are not considered free sugars. Higher contribution to fiber intakes was provided by fruits, cereals, vegetables and bakery and pastry. There were no significant differences in relation with the total sugar intake according to the body mass index (BMI) between SRS and AMS. The present study suggests a high proportion of children had total carbohydrates intakes in line with recommendations by public health authorities, but still a significant number presented insufficient total carbohydrate and fiber intakes, while total sugar consumption was high, with no major differences between SRS and AMS cohorts.
饮食质量是一个可改变的因素，可能导致与饮食相关的慢性疾病的发生。目前，在西班牙，还没有研究调查所有饮用牛奶的儿童和经常饮用配方奶的儿童的总碳水化合物、淀粉、总糖和纤维的摄入量和来源。我们的目标是通过评估不同食物组对总碳水化合物、淀粉、总糖和纤维摄入量的贡献，来评估 EsNuPI 研究参与者的饮食质量，方法是通过应用两种 24 小时膳食回顾来评估他们的日常摄入量，这两种膳食回顾由 1448 名儿童（1 至<10 岁）完成，分为两个队列：一个是一般人群的西班牙参考队列（SRS）（=707），另一个队列包括饮用配方奶的儿童，包括后续奶、幼儿或成长奶、强化和富化奶，这里称为“适应奶消费者队列”（AMS）（=741）。通常摄入量的估计表明，除了纤维，所有营养素的摄入量都随着年龄的增长而增加。在所有年龄段和性别中，符合总碳水化合物参考摄入量（RI）范围的儿童比例都超过 50%，除了参考队列中 6 至<10 岁的女孩，只有 46.9%符合 RI。中位数纤维摄入量，无论是在 SRS 还是 AMS 中，都远低于 3 至 10 岁儿童的适宜摄入量（AI）。总碳水化合物的主要来源是谷物，其次是牛奶和奶制品、水果、面包和糕点、蔬菜和糖和甜食。淀粉摄入量最高的是谷物、面包和糕点、蔬菜和水果。总糖摄入量的主要来源是牛奶和奶制品、水果、面包和糕点、糖和甜食、蔬菜和谷物。然而，牛奶和奶制品以及水果主要提供乳糖和果糖，而这两种糖都不被认为是游离糖。纤维摄入量的主要来源是水果、谷物、蔬菜和面包和糕点。根据 SRS 和 AMS，BMI 与总糖摄入量之间没有显著差异。本研究表明，很大一部分儿童的总碳水化合物摄入量符合公共卫生当局的建议，但仍有相当数量的儿童总碳水化合物和纤维摄入量不足，而总糖摄入量较高，SRS 和 AMS 队列之间没有显著差异。
