Aakre Inger, Morseth Marianne Sandsmark, Dahl Lisbeth, Henjum Sigrun, Kjellevold Marian, Moe Vibeke, Smith Lars, Markhus Maria Wik
Department of Seafood, Nutrition and Environmental State, Institute of Marine Research, Bergen, Norway.
Department of Nursing and Health Promotion, Faculty of Health Sciences, OsloMet-Oslo Metropolitan University, Oslo, Norway.
Matern Child Nutr. 2021 Jan;17(1):e13050. doi: 10.1111/mcn.13050. Epub 2020 Jun 29.
Iodine deficiency during pregnancy and in the post-partum period may lead to impaired child development. Our aim is to describe iodine status longitudinally in women from pregnancy until 18 months post-partum. Furthermore, we explore whether iodine status is associated with dietary intake, iodine-containing supplement use and breastfeeding status from pregnancy until 18 months post-partum. We also assess the correlation between maternal iodine status 18 months post-partum and child iodine status at 18 months of age. Iodine status was measured by urinary iodine concentration (UIC) during pregnancy (n = 1,004), 6 weeks post-partum (n = 915), 6 months post-partum (n = 849), 12 months post-partum (n = 733) and 18 months post-partum (n = 714). The toddlers' UIC was assessed at 18 months of age (n = 416). Demographic variables and dietary data (food frequency questionnaire) were collected during pregnancy, and dietary data and breastfeeding practices were collected at all time points post-partum. We found that iodine status was insufficient in both pregnant and post-partum women. The UIC was at its lowermost 6 weeks post-partum and gradually improved with increasing time post-partum. Intake of milk and use of iodine-containing supplements significantly increased the odds of having a UIC above 100 μg/L. Neither the mothers' UIC, vegetarian practice, nor exclusion of milk and dairy products were associated with the toddlers UIC 18 months post-partum. Women who exclude milk and dairy products from their diets and/or do not use iodine-containing supplements may be at risk of iodine deficiency. The women possibly also have an increased risk of thyroid dysfunction and for conceiving children with nonoptimal developmental status.
孕期及产后碘缺乏可能会导致儿童发育受损。我们的目的是纵向描述女性从孕期到产后18个月的碘状态。此外，我们还探讨从孕期到产后18个月，碘状态是否与饮食摄入、含碘补充剂的使用及母乳喂养状况相关。我们还评估产后18个月时母亲的碘状态与孩子18个月大时的碘状态之间的相关性。通过测量孕期（n = 1004）、产后6周（n = 915）、产后6个月（n = 849）、产后12个月（n = 733）及产后18个月（n = 714）的尿碘浓度（UIC）来评估碘状态。在18个月大时评估幼儿的UIC（n = 416）。孕期收集人口统计学变量和饮食数据（食物频率问卷），产后所有时间点收集饮食数据及母乳喂养情况。我们发现，孕期及产后女性的碘状态均不足。UIC在产后6周时最低，随着产后时间增加逐渐改善。牛奶摄入量及含碘补充剂的使用显著增加了UIC高于100 μg/L的几率。产后18个月时，母亲的UIC、素食习惯以及是否排除牛奶和奶制品均与幼儿的UIC无关。饮食中排除牛奶和奶制品及/或不使用含碘补充剂的女性可能存在碘缺乏风险。这些女性甲状腺功能障碍的风险可能也会增加，且生育发育状况不理想孩子的风险也可能增加。
