Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA.
Southwest College of Naturopathic Medicine, The Ric Scalzo Institute for Botanical Research, Tempe, AZ.
Yale J Biol Med. 2020 Jun 29;93(2):239-250. eCollection 2020 Jun.
is a staple of Traditional Chinese Medicine being one of the oldest medicinal herbs listed in the material medica of Chinese herbal medicine. Chinese herbalists have used to help the human body fight a variety of diseases. Modern herbalists utilize primarily as an immunostimulant to prevent common infection and aid in the recovery following infection. Historically, the biological activities associated with have been accounted for, at least in part, to several constituents present in the botanical including saponins and polysaccharides. We propose that in addition to these constituents, compounds from endophytic (or epiphytic) bacteria present in (or on) the roots of may have an important biological role. Lipopolysaccharides and lipoproteins are major components of Gram-negative bacteria and highly potent activators of the innate immune response. Our data supports a direct correlation between the level of immune gene induction and the level of lipopolysaccharides/lipoproteins present in the extract. We demonstrate that extracts from specifically activate Toll-like and NOD-like receptors involved in the recognition and response to bacterial constituents and that removal of the lipopolysaccharide/lipoprotein from the extract reduced the level of this response. The results support that many immune enhancing botanicals have established a symbiotic relationship with Gram-negative bacteria and that the immune enhancing effect of these botanical extracts on the body may not only be due to endogenous plant compounds, but endophytic (or epiphytic) bacterial components as well.
是中药的主要成分之一，也是中草药本草纲目列出的最古老的草药之一。草药医生用 来帮助人体对抗各种疾病。现代草药医生主要将 用作免疫刺激剂，以预防常见感染并帮助感染后恢复。从历史上看，与 相关的生物活性至少部分归因于植物中存在的几种成分，包括皂苷和多糖。我们提出，除了这些成分外，存在于 （或其）根部的内生（或附生）细菌中的化合物可能具有重要的生物学作用。脂多糖和脂蛋白是革兰氏阴性菌的主要成分，是先天免疫反应的强效激活剂。我们的数据支持免疫基因诱导水平与 提取物中存在的脂多糖/脂蛋白水平之间存在直接相关性。我们证明， 提取物可特异性激活参与识别和响应细菌成分的 Toll 样受体和 NOD 样受体，并且从 提取物中去除脂多糖/脂蛋白会降低这种反应的水平。结果支持许多增强免疫的植物与革兰氏阴性菌建立了共生关系，并且这些植物提取物对身体的增强免疫作用不仅可能归因于内源性植物化合物，还可能归因于内生（或附生）细菌成分。
