More Simon, Miranda Miguel Angel, Bicout Dominique, Bøtner Anette, Butterworth Andrew, Calistri Paolo, Edwards Sandra, Garin-Bastuji Bruno, Good Margaret, Michel Virginie, Raj Mohan, Nielsen Søren Saxmose, Sihvonen Liisa, Spoolder Hans, Stegeman Jan Arend, Velarde Antonio, Willeberg Preben, Winckler Christoph, Depner Klaus, Guberti Vittorio, Masiulis Marius, Olsevskis Edvins, Satran Petr, Spiridon Mihaela, Thulke Hans-Hermann, Vilrop Arvo, Wozniakowski Grzegorz, Bau Andrea, Broglia Alessandro, Cortiñas Abrahantes José, Dhollander Sofie, Gogin Andrey, Muñoz Gajardo Irene, Verdonck Frank, Amato Laura, Gortázar Schmidt Christian
EFSA J. 2018 Jul 11;16(7):e05344. doi: 10.2903/j.efsa.2018.5344. eCollection 2018 Jul.
The European Commission requested EFSA to compare the reliability of wild boar density estimates across the EU and to provide guidance to improve data collection methods. Currently, the only EU-wide available data are hunting data. Their collection methods should be harmonised to be comparable and to improve predictive models for wild boar density. These models could be validated by more precise density data, collected at local level e.g. by camera trapping. Based on practical and theoretical considerations, it is currently not possible to establish wild boar density thresholds that do not allow sustaining African swine fever (ASF). There are many drivers determining if ASF can be sustained or not, including heterogeneous population structures and human-mediated spread and there are still unknowns on the importance of different transmission modes in the epidemiology. Based on extensive literature reviews and observations from affected Member States, the efficacy of different wild boar population reduction and separation methods is evaluated. Different wild boar management strategies at different stages of the epidemic are suggested. Preventive measures to reduce and stabilise wild boar density, before ASF introduction, will be beneficial both in reducing the probability of exposure of the population to ASF and the efforts needed for potential emergency actions (i.e. less carcass removal) if an ASF incursion were to occur. Passive surveillance is the most effective and efficient method of surveillance for early detection of ASF in free areas. Following focal ASF introduction, the wild boar populations should be kept undisturbed for a short period (e.g. hunting ban on all species, leave crops unharvested to provide food and shelter within the affected area) and drastic reduction of the wild boar population may be performed only ahead of the ASF advance front, in the free populations. Following the decline in the epidemic, as demonstrated through passive surveillance, active population management should be reconsidered.
欧盟委员会要求欧洲食品安全局比较欧盟范围内野猪密度估计的可靠性，并提供改进数据收集方法的指导。目前，欧盟范围内唯一可用的数据是狩猎数据。应统一其收集方法，以便具有可比性，并改进野猪密度的预测模型。这些模型可以通过在地方层面收集的更精确的密度数据（例如通过相机诱捕）进行验证。基于实际和理论考虑，目前不可能确定不允许非洲猪瘟（ASF）持续传播的野猪密度阈值。有许多因素决定ASF是否能够持续传播，包括种群结构的异质性和人为传播，而且不同传播模式在流行病学中的重要性仍不明确。基于广泛的文献综述和受影响成员国的观察结果，评估了不同野猪种群减少和隔离方法的效果。建议在疫情不同阶段采取不同的野猪管理策略。在引入ASF之前采取预防措施降低并稳定野猪密度，将有助于降低猪群接触ASF的可能性，以及在ASF入侵时减少潜在应急行动所需的工作量（即减少尸体清除工作）。被动监测是在自由区域早期发现ASF最有效和高效的监测方法。在局部引入ASF之后，应在短时间内保持野猪种群不受干扰（例如禁止所有物种的狩猎活动，在受灾地区不收割作物以提供食物和庇护所），并且只有在ASF前沿推进之前，对自由区域的野猪种群才可以大幅减少数量。在疫情下降后，如通过被动监测所显示的，应重新考虑积极的种群管理措施。
