Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, 40002, Thailand.
Department of Evolutionary Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, 04103, Leipzig, Germany.
Eur J Hum Genet. 2020 Nov;28(11):1563-1579. doi: 10.1038/s41431-020-0693-x. Epub 2020 Jul 20.
The Hmong-Mien (HM) and Sino-Tibetan (ST) speaking groups are known as hill tribes in Thailand; they were the subject of the first studies to show an impact of patrilocality vs. matrilocality on patterns of mitochondrial (mt) DNA vs. male-specific portion of the Y chromosome (MSY) variation. However, HM and ST groups have not been studied in as much detail as other Thai groups; here we report and analyze 234 partial MSY sequences (∼2.3 mB) and 416 complete mtDNA sequences from 14 populations that, when combined with our previous published data, provides the largest dataset yet for the hill tribes. We find a striking difference between Hmong and IuMien (Mien-speaking) groups: the Hmong are genetically different from both the IuMien and all other Thai groups, whereas the IuMien are genetically more similar to other linguistic groups than to the Hmong. In general, we find less of an impact of patrilocality vs. matrilocality on patterns of mtDNA vs. MSY variation than previous studies. However, there is a dramatic difference in the frequency of MSY and mtDNA lineages of Northeast Asian (NEA) origin vs. Southeast Asian (SEA) origin in HM vs. ST groups: HM groups have high frequencies of NEA MSY lineages but lower frequencies of NEA mtDNA lineages, while ST groups show the opposite. A potential explanation is that the ancestors of Thai HM groups were patrilocal, while the ancestors of Thai ST groups were matrilocal. Overall, these results attest to the impact of cultural practices on patterns of mtDNA vs. MSY variation.
苗瑶语族（HM）和藏缅语族（ST）族群在泰国被称为山地部落；他们是第一批研究表明父居制与母居制对线粒体（mt）DNA与 Y 染色体雄性部分（MSY）变异模式的影响的族群之一。然而，HM 和 ST 族群并没有像其他泰国族群那样被详细研究；在这里，我们报告并分析了来自 14 个群体的 234 个部分 MSY 序列（约 2.3Mb）和 416 个完整的 mtDNA 序列，当与我们之前发表的数据结合时，为山地部落提供了迄今为止最大的数据集。我们发现了苗瑶语族和瑶族（Mien 语族群）之间的一个显著差异：与 IuMien（Mien 语族群）和所有其他泰国族群相比，苗族人在基因上是不同的，而 IuMien 人在基因上与其他语言族群比与苗族人更相似。总的来说，我们发现，mtDNA 与 MSY 变异模式受父居制与母居制的影响比之前的研究要小。然而，在 HM 与 ST 族群中，东北亚（NEA）起源与东南亚（SEA）起源的 MSY 和 mtDNA 谱系的频率存在显著差异：HM 族群的 NEA MSY 谱系频率较高，但 NEA mtDNA 谱系频率较低，而 ST 族群则相反。一个潜在的解释是，泰国 HM 族群的祖先实行父居制，而泰国 ST 族群的祖先实行母居制。总的来说，这些结果证明了文化习俗对 mtDNA 与 MSY 变异模式的影响。
