Tiétiambou Fanta Reine Sheirita, Salako Kolawolé Valère, Tohoun Jésukpégo Roméo, Ouédraogo Amadé
Centre Universitaire de Gaoua, Université Nazi BONI, 01 BP 1091, Bobo-Dioulasso, 01, Burkina Faso.
Laboratoire de Biologie et Ecologie Végétales, Université Joseph KI-ZERBO, 03 BP 7021, Ouagadougou, 03, Burkina Faso.
J Ethnobiol Ethnomed. 2020 Jul 23;16(1):43. doi: 10.1186/s13002-020-00393-1.
Carapa procera, Lophira lanceolata, and Pentadesma butyracea are three underutilized but increasingly threatened indigenous oil-seed tree species (IOS) in tropical Africa. Because local knowledge is vital for sustainable management, this study investigated the socio-economic factors that explain local people's (i) preferences for these IOS, (ii) attitudes toward their conservation, and (iii) ability to identify "plus trees" based on seed traits. We predicted a positive relationship between response variables and informants' age, residence status, gender (femaleness), and existence of market opportunities for each IOS. We also predicted that a higher preference for a given IOS has a positive effect on people's attitudes for its conservation and the aptitude to identify its "plus trees." We additionally expected significant differences among ethnic groups for each response variable.
Data were collected through individual semi-structured interviews with 336 informants from 14 randomly selected villages in the species distribution area of Kénédougou province. For each species, the collected data were the number of actual uses reported (converted to use value-UV, as a measure of the species preference), practiced conservation actions (converted to conservation attitude using a four-scale scoring method), and possible criteria for selecting preferred trees for seed oil extraction. Generalized linear mixed models were used to test for the fixed effects of socio-economic factors, and account for the random variation across villages.
The results showed species-specific patterns. Carapa procera had the highest UV and hence was the most preferred IOS, particularly by women. Informants from the Siamou ethnic group had the highest UV irrespective of IOS. The most cited conservation actions were assisted natural regeneration and banning of tree cutting, which were practiced for C. procera and L. lanceolata. No conservation measure was cited for P. butyracea. The practice of tree planting was not recorded for any of the IOS. Young and male informants participated less in conservation actions. Tree selection for oil-seed collection was mainly guided not by "oil extraction yield" but rather by the "quality of extracted oil" (namely oil color and taste for food uses, and oil bitterness for medicinal efficacy). The selection mainly concerned L. lanceolata and was mostly practiced by elderly people.
This study provided useful local knowledge-based information to guide conservation actions and valorization strategies of three IOS. The study sheds further light on the socio-economic factors that are associated to local people's preferences, conservation attitudes, and individual tree selection.
非洲桃花心木、披针叶红厚壳和五桠果是热带非洲三种未得到充分利用但受到日益威胁的本土油籽树种。由于当地知识对可持续管理至关重要，本研究调查了社会经济因素，这些因素解释了当地居民（i）对这些本土油籽树种的偏好，（ii）对其保护的态度，以及（iii）根据种子性状识别“优树”的能力。我们预测响应变量与受访者的年龄、居住状况、性别（女性）以及每种本土油籽树种的市场机会之间存在正相关关系。我们还预测，对某一特定本土油籽树种的更高偏好会对人们对其保护的态度以及识别其“优树”的能力产生积极影响。此外，我们预计每个响应变量在不同族群之间存在显著差异。
通过对来自肯内杜古省物种分布区14个随机选取村庄的336名受访者进行个人半结构化访谈收集数据。对于每个物种，收集的数据包括报告的实际用途数量（转换为使用价值 - UV，作为物种偏好的一种衡量）、实施的保护行动（使用四级评分法转换为保护态度）以及选择用于籽油提取的首选树木的可能标准。使用广义线性混合模型来检验社会经济因素的固定效应，并考虑村庄间的随机变异。
结果显示出物种特异性模式。非洲桃花心木的使用价值最高，因此是最受青睐的本土油籽树种，尤其是受到女性的青睐。无论本土油籽树种如何，来自西亚穆族的受访者使用价值最高。最常提及的保护行动是辅助自然更新和禁止砍伐树木，这些行动针对非洲桃花心木和披针叶红厚壳实施。未提及针对五桠果的保护措施。未记录到任何一种本土油籽树种的植树行为。年轻和男性受访者较少参与保护行动。用于油籽采集的树木选择主要不是由“出油率”指导，而是由“提取油的质量”（即用于食品用途的油的颜色和味道，以及用于药用功效的油的苦味）指导。选择主要涉及披针叶红厚壳，并且大多由老年人实施。
本研究提供了基于当地知识的有用信息，以指导三种本土油籽树种的保护行动和增值策略。该研究进一步揭示了与当地居民的偏好、保护态度和个体树木选择相关的社会经济因素。
