Ozge Kaplan P, Witt Jonathan W
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, 109 TW Alexander Dr., Durham, NC 27709, United States.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air and Radiation, 109 TW Alexander Dr., Durham, NC 27709, United States.
Appl Energy. 2019 Feb 1;235:83-94. doi: 10.1016/j.apenergy.2018.10.125.
Combined heat and power (CHP) is promoted as an economical, energy-efficient option for reducing air emissions, mitigating carbon emissions and reducing reliance on grid electricity. However, its potential benefits have only been analyzed within the context of the current energy system. To fully examine the viability of CHP as a clean-technology alternative, its growth must be analyzed considering how the energy sector may transform under the influence of various technological and policy drivers that are specifically geared toward limiting greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Scenarios were developed through a bottom-up technology model of the U.S. energy system to determine the impacts on CHP development and both system-wide and sectoral GHG and air pollutant emissions. Various scenarios were considered, from CO emissions reductions in the electric generating units (EGU) sector to GHG reductions across the whole energy system while considering levels of CHP investment. The largest CHP investments were observed in scenarios that limited CO emission from the EGU sector alone. The investments were scaled back in the scenarios that incorporated energy system level GHG reductions. The energy system level reduction scenarios yielded rapid transformation of the EGU sector towards zeroemissions technologies as reliance on electricity increases with the electrification of the many end-use sectors such as buildings, transportation and industrial sectors, reducing investment in CHP. The prime mover and fuel choice heavily influenced the air pollutant emissions resulting in trade-offs among pollutants including GHG emissions. The results suggest that CHP could play a role in a future low-carbon energy system, but that role diminishes as carbon reduction targets increase.
热电联产（CHP）被视为一种经济、节能的选择，可用于减少空气排放、缓解碳排放以及降低对电网电力的依赖。然而，其潜在效益仅在当前能源系统的背景下进行了分析。为了全面考察热电联产作为一种清洁技术替代方案的可行性，必须在考虑能源部门可能如何在各种专门旨在限制温室气体（GHG）排放的技术和政策驱动因素影响下转型的情况下，分析其增长情况。通过美国能源系统的自下而上技术模型制定了情景，以确定对热电联产发展以及全系统和部门温室气体及空气污染物排放的影响。考虑了各种情景，从发电单元（EGU）部门的一氧化碳减排到整个能源系统的温室气体减排，同时考虑热电联产投资水平。仅在限制EGU部门一氧化碳排放的情景中观察到最大的热电联产投资。在纳入能源系统层面温室气体减排的情景中，投资有所缩减。随着建筑、交通和工业等许多终端使用部门的电气化导致对电力的依赖增加，能源系统层面的减排情景使EGU部门迅速向零排放技术转型，从而减少了对热电联产的投资。原动机和燃料选择对空气污染物排放有重大影响，导致包括温室气体排放在内的污染物之间存在权衡。结果表明，热电联产在未来的低碳能源系统中可以发挥作用，但随着碳减排目标增加，该作用会减弱。
