Câmara Diana Aparecida Dias, Shibli Jamil Awad, Müller Eduardo Alexandre, De-Sá-Junior Paulo Luiz, Porcacchia Allan Saj, Blay Alberto, Lizier Nelson Foresto
Nicell-Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento Científico LTDA, São Paulo 04006-000, Brazil.
M3 Health Ind. Com. de Prod. Med. Odont. e Correlatos S.A., Jundiaí 13212-213, Brazil.
Materials (Basel). 2020 Jul 18;13(14):3210. doi: 10.3390/ma13143210.
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have been isolated from a variety of tissues using different methods. Active research have confirmed that the most accessible site to collect them is the adipose tissue; which has a significantly higher concentration of MSCs. Moreover; harvesting from adipose tissue is less invasive; there are no ethical limitations and a lower risk of severe complications. These adipose-derived stem cells (ASCs) are also able to increase at higher rates and showing telomerase activity, which acts by maintaining the DNA stability during cell divisions. Adipose-derived stem cells secret molecules that show important function in other cells vitality and mechanisms associated with the immune system, central nervous system, the heart and several muscles. They release cytokines involved in pro/anti-inflammatory, angiogenic and hematopoietic processes. Adipose-derived stem cells also have immunosuppressive properties and have been reported to be "immune privileged" since they show negative or low expression of human leukocyte antigens. Translational medicine and basic research projects can take advantage of bioprinting. This technology allows precise control for both scaffolds and cells. The properties of cell adhesion, migration, maturation, proliferation, mimicry of cell microenvironment, and differentiation should be promoted by the printed biomaterial used in tissue engineering. Self-renewal and potency are presented by MSCs, which implies in an open-source for 3D bioprinting and regenerative medicine. Considering these features and necessities, ASCs can be applied in the designing of tissue engineering products. Understanding the heterogeneity of ASCs and optimizing their properties can contribute to making the best therapeutic use of these cells and opening new paths to make tissue engineering even more useful.
间充质干细胞（MSCs）已通过不同方法从多种组织中分离出来。积极的研究证实，最容易获取它们的部位是脂肪组织；其中间充质干细胞的浓度明显更高。此外，从脂肪组织中获取的侵入性较小，没有伦理限制，严重并发症的风险也较低。这些脂肪来源的干细胞（ASCs）也能够以更高的速率增殖并显示端粒酶活性，端粒酶在细胞分裂过程中通过维持DNA稳定性发挥作用。脂肪来源的干细胞分泌的分子在其他细胞的活力以及与免疫系统、中枢神经系统、心脏和几块肌肉相关的机制中发挥重要作用。它们释放参与促炎/抗炎、血管生成和造血过程的细胞因子。脂肪来源的干细胞还具有免疫抑制特性，并且由于它们显示人类白细胞抗原的阴性或低表达，因此被报道为“免疫特权”。转化医学和基础研究项目可以利用生物打印技术。这项技术允许对支架和细胞进行精确控制。组织工程中使用的打印生物材料应促进细胞的黏附、迁移、成熟、增殖、细胞微环境模拟和分化等特性。间充质干细胞具有自我更新和多能性，这意味着它是3D生物打印和再生医学的一个开源资源。考虑到这些特征和需求，脂肪来源的干细胞可应用于组织工程产品的设计。了解脂肪来源的干细胞的异质性并优化其特性有助于更好地治疗性利用这些细胞，并为使组织工程更有用开辟新途径。
