Adeel Muhammad, Rahman Md Mahbubur, Caligiuri Isabella, Canzonieri Vincenzo, Rizzolio Flavio, Daniele Salvatore
Ph.D. School in Science and Technology of Bio and Nanomaterials, University Ca' Foscari of Venice, Venice, Italy; Department of Molecular Sciences and Nanosystems, Ca'Foscari University of Venice, 30123, Venezia, Italy; Pathology Unit, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico di Aviano (CRO) IRCCS, 33081, Aviano, Italy.
Department of Energy and Materials, Konkuk University, Chungju, 27478, Republic of Korea.
Biosens Bioelectron. 2020 Oct 1;165:112331. doi: 10.1016/j.bios.2020.112331. Epub 2020 May 26.
Diabetes is a pathological condition that requires the continuous monitoring of glucose level in the blood. Its control has been tremendously improved by the application of point-of-care devices. Conventional enzyme-based sensors with electrochemical and optical transduction systems can successfully measure the glucose concentration in human blood, but they suffer from the low stability of the enzyme. Non-enzymatic wearable electrochemical and optical sensors, with low-cost, high stability, point-of-care testing and online monitoring of glucose levels in biological fluids, have recently been developed and can help to manage and control diabetes worldwide. Advances in nanoscience and nanotechnology have enabled the development of novel nanomaterials that can be implemented for the use in enzyme-free systems to detect glucose. This review summarizes recent developments of enzyme-free electrochemical and optical glucose sensors, as well as their respective wearable and commercially available devices, capable of detecting glucose at physiological pH conditions without the need to pretreat the biological fluids. Additionally, the evolution of electrochemical glucose sensor technology and a couple of widely used optical detection systems along with the glucose detection mechanism is also discussed. Finally, this review addresses limitations and challenges of current non-enzymatic electrochemical, optical, and wearable glucose sensor technologies and highlights opportunities for future research directions.
糖尿病是一种需要持续监测血糖水平的病理状态。即时检测设备的应用极大地改善了糖尿病的控制情况。具有电化学和光学传感系统的传统酶基传感器能够成功测量人体血液中的葡萄糖浓度，但它们存在酶稳定性低的问题。非酶可穿戴电化学和光学传感器具有低成本、高稳定性、即时检测以及可对生物流体中的葡萄糖水平进行在线监测等优点，最近已被开发出来，有助于在全球范围内管理和控制糖尿病。纳米科学和纳米技术的进步使得新型纳米材料得以开发，这些材料可用于无酶系统中检测葡萄糖。本综述总结了无酶电化学和光学葡萄糖传感器的最新进展，以及它们各自的可穿戴设备和商用设备，这些设备能够在生理pH条件下检测葡萄糖，而无需对生物流体进行预处理。此外，还讨论了电化学葡萄糖传感器技术的发展以及一些广泛使用的光学检测系统和葡萄糖检测机制。最后，本综述阐述了当前非酶电化学、光学和可穿戴葡萄糖传感器技术的局限性和挑战，并突出了未来研究方向的机遇。
