Department of Human Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, 151001, India.
Max Endocrinology, Diabetes and Obesity Care Centre, Max Superspeciality Hospital, Bathinda, 151001, India.
J Physiol Biochem. 2020 Nov;76(4):485-502. doi: 10.1007/s13105-020-00760-2. Epub 2020 Aug 4.
Diabetes, the most common endocrine disorder, also known as a silent killer disease, is characterized by uncontrolled hyperglycemia. According to the International Diabetes Federation, there were 451 million people with diabetes mellitus worldwide in 2017. It is a multifactorial syndrome caused by genetic as well as environmental factors. Noncoding RNAs, especially the miRNAs, play a significant role in the development as well as the progression of the disease. This is on account of insulin resistance or defects in β cell function. Various miRNAs including miR-7, miR-9, miR-16, miR-27, miR-24, miR-29, miR-124a, miR-135, miR-130a, miR-144, miR-181a, and miR-375 and many more have been associated with insulin resistance and other pathogenic conditions leading to the development of the disease. These miRNAs play significant roles in various pathways underlying insulin resistance such as PI3K, AKT/GSK, and mTOR. The main target genes of these miRNAs are FOXO1, FOXA2, STAT3, and PTEN. The miRNAs carry out important functions in insulin target tissues like the adipose tissue, liver, and muscle. MiRNAs miR-9, miR-375, and miR-124a, are also associated with the secretion of insulin from pancreatic cells. There is an interplay between the miRNAs and pancreatic cell growth, especially the miRNAs affecting development and proliferation of these cells. Most of the miRNAs target more than one gene which not only justifies their use as biomarkers but also their therapeutic potential. The current review has been compiled with an aim to discuss the role of various miRNAs involved in various pathogenic mechanisms including insulin resistance, insulin secretion, and the β cell dysfunction.
糖尿病是最常见的内分泌紊乱疾病，也被称为无声杀手疾病，其特征是血糖不受控制。根据国际糖尿病联合会的数据，2017 年全球有 4.51 亿人患有糖尿病。它是一种由遗传和环境因素引起的多因素综合征。非编码 RNA，特别是 miRNAs，在疾病的发展和进展中发挥着重要作用。这是由于胰岛素抵抗或β细胞功能缺陷。包括 miR-7、miR-9、miR-16、miR-27、miR-24、miR-29、miR-124a、miR-135、miR-130a、miR-144、miR-181a 和 miR-375 在内的多种 miRNAs 与胰岛素抵抗和其他导致疾病发展的致病条件有关。这些 miRNAs 在胰岛素抵抗的各种途径中发挥重要作用，如 PI3K、AKT/GSK 和 mTOR。这些 miRNAs 的主要靶基因是 FOXO1、FOXA2、STAT3 和 PTEN。这些 miRNAs 在胰岛素靶组织（如脂肪组织、肝脏和肌肉）中发挥重要功能。miRNAs miR-9、miR-375 和 miR-124a 也与胰腺细胞胰岛素分泌有关。miRNAs 与胰腺细胞生长之间存在相互作用，特别是影响这些细胞发育和增殖的 miRNAs。大多数 miRNAs 靶向一个以上的基因，这不仅证明了它们作为生物标志物的用途，也证明了它们的治疗潜力。本综述旨在讨论各种 miRNAs 在各种致病机制中的作用，包括胰岛素抵抗、胰岛素分泌和β细胞功能障碍。
