Schrenk Dieter, Bignami Margherita, Bodin Laurent, Chipman James Kevin, Del Mazo Jesús, Hogstrand Christer, Hoogenboom Laurentius Ron, Leblanc Jean-Charles, Nebbia Carlo Stefano, Nielsen Elsa, Ntzani Evangelia, Petersen Annette, Sand Salomon, Schwerdtle Tanja, Vleminckx Christiane, Wallace Heather, Brimer Leon, Cottrill Bruce, Dusemund Birgit, Mulder Patrick, Vollmer Günter, Binaglia Marco, Ramos Bordajandi Luisa, Riolo Francesca, Roldán-Torres Ruth, Grasl-Kraupp Bettina
EFSA J. 2020 Aug 11;18(8):e06222. doi: 10.2903/j.efsa.2020.6222. eCollection 2020 Aug.
The European Commission asked EFSA for a scientific opinion on the risks for animal and human health related to the presence of glycoalkaloids (GAs) in feed and food. This risk assessment covers edible parts of potato plants and other food plants containing GAs, in particular, tomato and aubergine. In humans, acute toxic effects of potato GAs (α-solanine and α-chaconine) include gastrointestinal symptoms such as nausea, vomiting and diarrhoea. For these effects, the CONTAM Panel identified a lowest-observed-adverse-effect level of 1 mg total potato GAs/kg body weight (bw) per day as a reference point for the risk characterisation following acute exposure. In humans, no evidence of health problems associated with repeated or long-term intake of GAs via potatoes has been identified. No reference point for chronic exposure could be identified from the experimental animal studies. Occurrence data were available only for α-solanine and α-chaconine, mostly for potatoes. The acute dietary exposure to potato GAs was estimated using a probabilistic approach and applying processing factors for food. Due to the limited data available, a margin of exposure (MOE) approach was applied. The MOEs for the younger age groups indicate a health concern for the food consumption surveys with the highest mean exposure, as well as for the P95 exposure in all surveys. For adult age groups, the MOEs indicate a health concern only for the food consumption surveys with the highest P95 exposures. For tomato and aubergine GAs, the risk to human health could not be characterised due to the lack of occurrence data and the limited toxicity data. For horses, farm and companion animals, no risk characterisation for potato GAs could be performed due to insufficient data on occurrence in feed and on potential adverse effects of GAs in these species.
欧盟委员会要求欧洲食品安全局就饲料和食品中糖苷生物碱（GAs）的存在对动物和人类健康的风险提供科学意见。该风险评估涵盖马铃薯植株的可食用部分以及其他含有GAs的食用植物，特别是番茄和茄子。在人类中，马铃薯GAs（α-茄碱和α-查茄碱）的急性毒性作用包括胃肠道症状，如恶心、呕吐和腹泻。对于这些影响，CONTAM专家组确定，每天每千克体重（bw）摄入1毫克总马铃薯GAs作为急性暴露后风险特征描述的参考点。在人类中，未发现与通过马铃薯重复或长期摄入GAs相关的健康问题证据。从实验动物研究中无法确定慢性暴露的参考点。仅获得了α-茄碱和α-查茄碱的含量数据，主要是关于马铃薯的。使用概率方法并应用食品加工因子来估计马铃薯GAs的急性膳食暴露量。由于可用数据有限，采用了暴露边际（MOE）方法。较年轻年龄组的MOE表明，对于平均暴露量最高的食品消费调查以及所有调查中的P95暴露量，存在健康问题。对于成年年龄组，MOE仅表明对于P95暴露量最高的食品消费调查存在健康问题。对于番茄和茄子GAs，由于缺乏含量数据和有限的毒性数据，无法对人类健康风险进行特征描述。对于马、农场动物和伴侣动物，由于饲料中GAs的含量数据以及这些物种中GAs潜在不良反应的数据不足，无法对马铃薯GAs进行风险特征描述。
