Department of Environmental Health and Engineering, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, 615 N. Wolfe St., Room W-7513D, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA.
Hopkins Center for Health Disparities Solutions, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA.
J Urban Health. 2020 Dec;97(6):845-856. doi: 10.1007/s11524-020-00448-4.
Gentrification in the largest 50 US cities has more than doubled since the 1990s. The process of gentrification can bring about improved neighborhood conditions, reduced rates of crime, and property value increases. At the same time, it can equally foster negative conditions associated with poorer health outcomes, such as disrupted social networks from residential displacement and increases in stress. While neighborhood environment is consistently implicated in health outcomes research, gentrification is rarely conceptualized as a public health issue. Though research on gentrification is growing, empirical studies evaluating the health impacts of gentrification in the US are poorly understood. Here we systematically review US population-based empirical studies examining relationships between gentrification and health. Electronic databases (PubMed, Embase, CINAHL, PsycINFO, Scopus, Web of Science, and Academic Search Complete) were searched using a combination of terms to identify peer-reviewed studies published on or before July 9, 2018, reporting associations between gentrification and health. Study title and abstract screenings were followed by full-text review of all studies meeting the following inclusion criteria of: ≥ 1 quantitative measure of association for a health outcome, within the context of gentrification; peer-reviewed research; located in the US; and English language. Of 8937 studies identified, 6152 underwent title and abstract screening, and 50 studies underwent full-text screening, yielding six studies for review. Gentrification exposure measures and health outcomes examined varied widely. Most studies reported little to no overall association between gentrification and health outcomes; however, gentrification was repeatedly associated with undesirable health effects among Black and economically vulnerable residents. Despite seemingly overall null associations between gentrification and health, evidence suggests that gentrification may negatively impact the health of certain populations, particularly Black and low-income individuals. Complexities inherent in operationalizing gentrification point toward the need for validated measures. Additionally, understanding how gentrification-health associations differ across health endpoints, race/ethnicities, socioeconomic status, and life course can provide insight into whether this process contributes to urban inequality and health disparities. As gentrification occurs across the US, it is important to understand how this process impacts health. While aging cities reinvest in the revitalization of communities, empirical research examining relationships between gentrification and health can help inform policy decisions.
自 20 世纪 90 年代以来，美国最大的 50 个城市的高档化现象增加了一倍多。高档化进程可能带来改善的社区条件、降低犯罪率和增加财产价值。与此同时，它同样会助长与较差健康结果相关的负面条件，例如由于住宅搬迁而破坏社会网络和增加压力。虽然邻里环境一直被认为是健康结果研究的一个因素，但高档化很少被视为一个公共卫生问题。虽然关于高档化的研究在不断增加，但对美国高档化对健康影响的实证研究还不太了解。在这里，我们系统地回顾了美国基于人群的实证研究，这些研究考察了高档化与健康之间的关系。使用了一系列术语的电子数据库（PubMed、Embase、CINAHL、PsycINFO、Scopus、Web of Science 和 Academic Search Complete）进行了搜索，以确定在 2018 年 7 月 9 日之前发表的、报告高档化与健康之间关系的同行评议研究。对研究标题和摘要进行筛选，然后对所有符合以下纳入标准的研究进行全文审查：至少有一个健康结果的定量衡量指标，在高档化的背景下；同行评议研究；位于美国；以及英语。在确定的 8937 项研究中，有 6152 项经过了标题和摘要筛选，50 项经过了全文筛选，最终有 6 项研究进行了综述。高档化暴露测量和健康结果的检查差异很大。大多数研究报告说，高档化与健康结果之间几乎没有总体关联；然而，高档化一再与黑人居民和经济脆弱居民的不良健康影响有关。尽管高档化与健康之间似乎存在总体上的无关联，但有证据表明，高档化可能会对某些人群的健康产生负面影响，特别是黑人居民和低收入人群。在操作高档化方面固有的复杂性表明需要验证措施。此外，了解高档化与健康之间的关联如何因健康终点、种族/族裔、社会经济地位和生命历程而有所不同，可以深入了解这一过程是否导致了城市不平等和健康差距。随着高档化在美国各地的发生，了解这一过程如何影响健康非常重要。随着老龄化城市对社区的振兴进行再投资，审查高档化与健康之间关系的实证研究可以帮助为政策决策提供信息。
