Ramirez-Campillo Rodrigo, Castillo Daniel, Raya-González Javier, Moran Jason, de Villarreal Eduardo Sáez, Lloyd Rhodri S
Human Performance Laboratory, Quality of Life and Wellness Research Group, Department of Physical Activity Sciences, Universidad de Los Lagos, Osorno, Chile.
Centro de Investigación en Fisiología del Ejercicio, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Mayor, Santiago, Chile.
Sports Med. 2020 Dec;50(12):2125-2143. doi: 10.1007/s40279-020-01337-1.
Even from a young age, modern soccer requires high levels of physical fitness development, particularly jumping and sprinting. Plyometric jump training (PJT), combined with young athletes' regular soccer sessions, has the potential to improve jumping and sprinting. However, studies exploring the effects of PJT are generally limited by small sample sizes. This problem of underpowered studies may, thus, be resolved by pooling study results in a meta-analysis.
The objective of this systematic review with meta-analysis (SRMA) was to assess the effects of plyometric jump training (PJT) on jumping and sprinting among young male soccer players.
The SRMA included peer-reviewed articles that incorporated PJT in healthy players (i.e., < 23 years of age), a control group, and a measure of jumping or sprinting. Means and standard deviations of outcomes were converted to Hedges' g effect sizes (ES), using the inverse variance random-effects model. Moderator analyses were conducted for PJT duration, frequency, total number of sessions, participants' chronological age, and FIFA age categories (i.e., U-17 vs. U-20 vs. U-23). A multivariate random-effects meta-regression was also conducted.
Thirty-three studies were included, comprising 1499 participants. PJT improved vertical jump tests (ES = 0.60-0.98; all p < 0.01) and linear sprint performance (ES = 0.60-0.98; p < 0.03). Interventions of > 7 weeks and > 14 PJT sessions induced greater effects compared to PJT with ≤ 7 weeks and ≤ 14 total sessions on 10-m sprint performance (between group p = 0.038).
PJT is effective in improving jumping and sprinting performance among young male soccer players. Greater 10-m linear sprinting improvements were noted after interventions > 7-week duration and > 14 sessions, suggesting a greater return from exposure to longer PJT interventions, partially in support for the adoption of a long-term approach to athletic development in young athletes. However, with reference to the findings of the meta-regression, and those from the remaining subgroup and single factors analysis, a robust confirmation regarding the moderator role of participant's age or PJT configuration effects on young soccer player's fitness qualities needed.
即使从年轻时起，现代足球也需要高水平的体能发展，尤其是跳跃和短跑能力。增强式跳跃训练（PJT）与年轻运动员的常规足球训练相结合，有可能提高跳跃和短跑能力。然而，探索PJT效果的研究通常受样本量小的限制。因此，通过荟萃分析汇总研究结果可能解决研究效能不足的问题。
本系统评价与荟萃分析（SRMA）的目的是评估增强式跳跃训练（PJT）对年轻男性足球运动员跳跃和短跑能力的影响。
SRMA纳入了经同行评审的文章，这些文章纳入了健康运动员（即年龄<23岁）的PJT、一个对照组以及跳跃或短跑的测量指标。使用逆方差随机效应模型将结果的均值和标准差转换为Hedges'g效应量（ES）。对PJT持续时间、频率、总训练次数、参与者的实际年龄和国际足联年龄组别（即U-17 vs. U-20 vs. U-23）进行调节分析。还进行了多变量随机效应荟萃回归分析。
纳入33项研究，共1499名参与者。PJT改善了垂直跳跃测试（ES = 0.60 - 0.98；所有p < 0.01）和直线短跑成绩（ES = 0.60 - 0.98；p < 0.03）。与持续时间≤7周且总训练次数≤14次的PJT相比，持续时间>7周且训练次数>14次的干预对10米短跑成绩的影响更大（组间p = 0.038）。
PJT能有效提高年轻男性足球运动员的跳跃和短跑成绩。在持续时间>7周且训练次数>14次的干预后，10米直线短跑成绩有更大改善，这表明较长时间的PJT干预能带来更大回报，部分支持了对年轻运动员采用长期运动发展方法。然而，参考荟萃回归分析结果以及其余亚组和单因素分析结果，需要对参与者年龄或PJT配置对年轻足球运动员体能素质的调节作用进行有力验证。
