Faculty of Business and Finance, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman (UTAR), Kampar, Perak, Malaysia.
Environ Sci Pollut Res Int. 2021 Jan;28(3):3421-3433. doi: 10.1007/s11356-020-10736-w. Epub 2020 Sep 11.
Validity of the environmental Kuznets curve (EKC) hypothesis is consistently and widely debated among economists and environmentalists alike throughout time. In Malaysia, transport is one of the "dirtiest" sectors; it intensively consumes energy in powering engines by using fossil fuels and poses significant threats to environmental quality. Therefore, this study attempted an examination into the impact of corruption on transport carbon dioxide (CO) emissions. By adopting the fully modified ordinary least squares, canonical cointegrating regression, and dynamic ordinary least squares in performing long-run estimations, the results obtained based on the annual data spanning from 1990 to 2017 yielded various notable findings. First, more corruption would be attributable towards increased transport CO emissions. Second, a monotonic increment of transport CO emission was seen with higher economic growth and thus invalidated the presence of EKC. Overall, this study suggests that Malaysia has yet to reach the level of economic growth synonymous with transport CO emission reduction due to the lack of high technology usage in the current system implemented. Therefore, this study could position policy recommendations of use to the Malaysian authorities in designing the appropriate economic and environmental policies, particularly for the transport sector.
环境库兹涅茨曲线（EKC）假说的有效性一直是经济学家和环保主义者争论的焦点。在马来西亚，交通是“最脏”的部门之一；它通过使用化石燃料为发动机提供动力，密集地消耗能源，并对环境质量构成重大威胁。因此，本研究试图考察腐败对交通二氧化碳（CO）排放的影响。通过采用全修正普通最小二乘法、典范协整回归和动态普通最小二乘法进行长期估计，基于 1990 年至 2017 年的年度数据得出的结果有各种显著发现。首先，更多的腐败将导致交通 CO 排放增加。其次，随着经济增长的增加，交通 CO 排放呈单调递增，从而否定了 EKC 的存在。总的来说，由于当前系统中缺乏高科技的使用，本研究表明，马来西亚尚未达到与交通 CO 减排相对应的经济增长水平。因此，本研究可以为马来西亚当局制定适当的经济和环境政策，特别是交通部门的政策提供参考。
