Mar-Aguilar Fermín, Arreola-Triana Alejandra, Mata-Cardona Daniela, Gonzalez-Villasana Vianey, Rodríguez-Padilla Cristina, Reséndez-Pérez Diana
Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Biología Celular y Genética, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, San Nicolás de los Garza, Nuevo León, Mexico.
Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Departamento de Inmunología y Virología, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, San Nicolás de los Garza, Nuevo León, Mexico.
PeerJ. 2020 Sep 17;8:e9567. doi: 10.7717/peerj.9567. eCollection 2020.
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are short, non-coding, single-strand RNA molecules that act as regulators of gene expression in plants and animals. In 2012, the first evidence was found that plant miRNAs could enter the bloodstream through the digestive tract. Since then, there has been an ongoing discussion about whether miRNAs from the diet are transferred to blood, accumulate in tissues, and regulate gene expression. Different research groups have tried to replicate these findings, using both plant and animal sources. Here, we review the evidence for and against the transfer of diet-derived miRNAs from plants, meat, milk and exosome and their assimilation and putative molecular regulation role in the consuming organism. Some groups using both miRNAs from plant and animal sources have claimed success, whereas others have not shown transfer. In spite of the biological barriers that may limit miRNA transference, several diet-derived miRNAs can transfer into the circulating system and targets genes for transcription regulation, which adds arguments that miRNAs can be absorbed from the diet and target specific genes by regulating their expression. However, many other studies show that cross-kingdom transfer of exogenous miRNAs appears to be insignificant and not biologically relevant. The main source of controversy in plant studies is the lack of reproducibility of the findings. For meat-derived miRNAs, studies concluded that the miRNAs can survive the cooking process; nevertheless, our evidence shows that the bovine miRNAs are not transferred to human bloodstream. The most important contributions and promising evidence in this controversial field is the transference of milk miRNAs in exosomes and the finding that plant miRNAs in beebread regulate honeybee caste development, and cause similar changes when fed to . MiRNAs encapsulated in exosomes ensure their stability and resistance in the harsh conditions presented in milk, bloodstream, and gastrointestinaltract to reinforce the idea of transference. Regardless of the model organism, the idea of source of miRNAs, or the approach-bioinformatics or in vivo-the issue of transfer of miRNAs from the diet remains in doubt. Our understanding of the cross-kingdom talk of miRNAs needs more research to study the transfer of "xenomiRs" from different food sources to complement and expand what we know so far regarding the interspecies transfer of miRNAs.
微小RNA（miRNA）是短链、非编码的单链RNA分子，在植物和动物中作为基因表达的调节因子发挥作用。2012年，首次发现植物miRNA可通过消化道进入血液循环。从那时起，关于饮食来源的miRNA是否会转移到血液中、在组织中积累并调节基因表达的讨论就一直在进行。不同的研究团队尝试使用植物和动物来源来重复这些发现。在此，我们综述了支持和反对来自植物、肉类、牛奶和外泌体的饮食来源miRNA转移的证据，以及它们在消费生物体中的同化作用和假定的分子调节作用。一些使用植物和动物来源miRNA的团队声称取得了成功，而其他团队则未显示出转移现象。尽管存在可能限制miRNA转移的生物屏障，但几种饮食来源的miRNA可以转移到循环系统中并靶向基因进行转录调节，这增加了miRNA可以从饮食中吸收并通过调节其表达靶向特定基因的论据。然而，许多其他研究表明，外源miRNA的跨物种转移似乎并不显著且与生物学无关。植物研究中的主要争议来源是研究结果缺乏可重复性。对于肉类来源的miRNA，研究得出结论，这些miRNA可以在烹饪过程中存活下来；然而，我们的证据表明，牛的miRNA不会转移到人类血液中。在这个有争议的领域中，最重要的贡献和有前景的证据是牛奶外泌体中miRNA的转移，以及蜂粮中的植物miRNA调节蜜蜂蜂群发育的发现，并且当喂食给……时会引起类似的变化。封装在外泌体中的miRNA确保了它们在牛奶、血液和胃肠道中呈现的恶劣条件下的稳定性和抗性，从而强化了转移的观点。无论模型生物、miRNA的来源或方法（生物信息学或体内研究）如何，饮食来源的miRNA转移问题仍然存疑。我们对miRNA跨物种交流的理解需要更多研究来探讨不同食物来源的“异种miRNA”的转移，以补充和扩展我们目前对miRNA种间转移的认识。
