Nutrition and Endocrine Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, P.O. Box: 19395-4763, Tehran, Iran.
Department of Clinical Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Nutrition Sciences and Food Technology, National Nutrition and Food Technology Research Institute, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
Nutr J. 2020 Oct 3;19(1):110. doi: 10.1186/s12937-020-00624-x.
Based on data regarding nutrition transition in the Middle East and North Africa, this study aim to investigate the general structure and secular trend of dietary patterns reported from the Tehran Lipid and Glucose Study (TLGS) and adherence to these dietary patterns among Iranian population from 2006 till 2017.
We investigated on four examination waves of TLGS, including wave 1 (2006-2008), wave 2 (2009-2011), wave 3 (2012-2014), and wave 4 (2015-2017), using a validated and reliable food frequency questionnaire. Generalized Estimating Equations was used to assess secular trends in anthropometric, biochemical, and dietary variables across the study period. To identify general structure and secular trend of dietary patterns during each waves, principle component analysis (PCA) and K-mean cluster analysis were used, respectively.
After adjusting for potential confounders including age, sex, body mass index, and total energy intake, the carbohydrate and protein intake gradually increased and the total fat intake decreased during study period (P-value< 0.001), although total energy intake remained stable. During the study period, participants consumed noticeably less refined grains, solid fat, dairy products, and simple sugars. Snack and dessert consumption increased and meat intakes showed no significant changes during a decade (all P-values< 0.001). Three dietary patterns extracted using PCA, included: Healthy dietary pattern characterized by higher intakes of vegetable, fruit, dairy products, liquid oil, nuts and seeds, and honey and jam; Western dietary pattern featured by refined grain, solid fat, meat, snack and dessert, potato, and soft drink, and the Mixed dietary pattern, highlighted by tea and coffee, and simple sugar. Based on cluster analysis, 27.8% of participants in wave 4 followed a Western dietary pattern, and 34.1% followed the Mixed dietary pattern. The Healthy dietary pattern was stable among the study population during the last decade.
The structure and the type of foods that participants preferred to eat changed since 2006, a new secular trend in dietary patterns, including a stability of Healthy dietary pattern, a decline of the Western dietary pattern and an increase in the Mixed dietary pattern was obsereved in our investigation.
基于中东和北非营养转型的数据，本研究旨在调查 2006 年至 2017 年期间来自德黑兰血脂和血糖研究（TLGS）的报告的饮食模式的总体结构和长期趋势，并研究伊朗人群对这些饮食模式的依从性。
我们调查了 TLGS 的四个检测波次，包括波次 1（2006-2008 年）、波次 2（2009-2011 年）、波次 3（2012-2014 年）和波次 4（2015-2017 年），使用了经过验证和可靠的食物频率问卷。广义估计方程用于评估研究期间人体测量、生化和饮食变量的长期趋势。为了确定每个波次的饮食模式的总体结构和长期趋势，分别使用主成分分析（PCA）和 K-均值聚类分析。
在调整了年龄、性别、体重指数和总能量摄入等潜在混杂因素后，研究期间碳水化合物和蛋白质的摄入量逐渐增加，总脂肪摄入量减少（P 值<0.001），尽管总能量摄入保持稳定。在研究期间，参与者明显减少了精制谷物、固体脂肪、乳制品和简单糖的摄入。零食和甜点的摄入量增加，肉类摄入量在十年间没有明显变化（所有 P 值<0.001）。使用 PCA 提取的三种饮食模式包括：富含蔬菜、水果、乳制品、液体油、坚果和种子以及蜂蜜和果酱的健康饮食模式；以精制谷物、固体脂肪、肉类、零食和甜点、土豆和软饮料为特色的西方饮食模式；以茶和咖啡以及简单糖为特色的混合饮食模式。基于聚类分析，第 4 波次有 27.8%的参与者采用西方饮食模式，34.1%的参与者采用混合饮食模式。在过去的十年中，健康饮食模式在研究人群中保持稳定。
自 2006 年以来，参与者的饮食结构和所喜爱的食物类型发生了变化，我们的研究观察到了新的饮食模式的长期趋势，包括健康饮食模式的稳定性、西方饮食模式的下降和混合饮食模式的增加。
