School of Medicine, Federal University of Uberlandia (UFU), Uberlandia 38408-100, Brazil.
College of Health, Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Worcester, Worcester WR2 6AJ, UK.
Nutrients. 2020 Oct 16;12(10):3159. doi: 10.3390/nu12103159.
Cardiovascular diseases remain a global challenge, and lipid-associated biomarkers can predict cardiovascular events. Extensive research on cardiovascular benefits of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n3-PUFAs) is geared towards fish oil supplementation and fish-rich diets. Nevertheless, vegetarianism and veganism are becoming more popular across all segments of society, due to reasons as varied as personal, ethical and religious values, individual preferences and environment-related principles, amongst others. Due to the essentiality of PUFAs, plant sources of n3-PUFAs warrant further consideration. In this review, we have critically appraised the efficacy of plant-derived n3-PUFAs from foodstuffs and supplements upon lipid profile and selected cardiometabolic markers. Walnuts and flaxseed are the most common plant sources of n3-PUFAs, mainly alpha-linolenic acid (ALA), and feature the strongest scientific rationale for applicability into clinical practice. Furthermore, walnuts and flaxseed are sources of fibre, potassium, magnesium, and non-essential substances, including polyphenols and sterols, which in conjunction are known to ameliorate cardiovascular metabolism. ALA levels in rapeseed and soybean oils are only slight when compared to flaxseed oil. and , biomasses of cyanobacteria and green algae, are important sources of n3-PUFAs; however, their benefits upon cardiometabolic markers are plausibly driven by their antioxidant potential combined with their n3-PUFA content. In humans, ALA is not sufficiently bioconverted into eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acids. However, evidence suggests that plant sources of ALA are associated with favourable cardiometabolic status. ALA supplementation, or increased consumption of ALA-rich foodstuffs, combined with reduced omega-6 (n6) PUFAs intake, could improve the n3/n6 ratio and improve cardiometabolic and lipid profile.
心血管疾病仍然是一个全球性的挑战，脂质相关生物标志物可以预测心血管事件。大量关于ω-3 多不饱和脂肪酸（n3-PUFA）对心血管益处的研究都集中在鱼油补充剂和富含鱼类的饮食上。然而，由于个人、道德和宗教价值观、个人偏好以及与环境相关的原则等原因，素食主义和纯素食主义在社会各阶层越来越流行。由于 PUFAs 的必需性，植物来源的 n3-PUFA 值得进一步考虑。在这篇综述中，我们批判性地评估了来自食物和补充剂的植物源性 n3-PUFA 对脂质谱和选定的心血管代谢标志物的功效。核桃和亚麻籽是 n3-PUFA 的最常见植物来源，主要是α-亚麻酸（ALA），并且具有最强的科学依据适用于临床实践。此外，核桃和亚麻籽是纤维、钾、镁和非必需物质（包括多酚和固醇）的来源，这些物质结合在一起，已知可以改善心血管代谢。与亚麻籽油相比，油菜籽油和大豆油中的 ALA 含量仅略低。蓝细菌和绿藻的生物质是 n3-PUFA 的重要来源；然而，它们对心血管代谢标志物的益处可能是由其抗氧化潜力与其 n3-PUFA 含量共同驱动的。在人类中，ALA 不能充分地生物转化为二十碳五烯酸和二十二碳六烯酸。然而，有证据表明，ALA 的植物来源与有利的心血管代谢状态有关。ALA 补充剂，或增加富含 ALA 的食物的消费，结合减少ω-6（n6）PUFA 的摄入，可能会改善 n3/n6 比值，并改善心血管代谢和脂质谱。
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