Toxicology Department, National Institute for Occupational Health, Johannesburg, South Africa.
Haematology and Molecular Medicine Department, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa.
Wiley Interdiscip Rev Nanomed Nanobiotechnol. 2021 Mar;13(2):e1680. doi: 10.1002/wnan.1680. Epub 2020 Oct 27.
Cancer nanomedicine has evolved in recent years and is only expected to increase due to the ease with which nanomaterials (NMs) may be manipulated to the advantage of the cancer patient. The success of nanomedicine is dependent on the cell death mechanism, which in turn is dependent on the organelle initially targeted. The success of cancer nanomedicine is also dependent on other cellular mechanisms such as the induction of autophagy dysfunction, manipulation of the tumor microenvironment (TME) and secretome or induction of host immune responses. Current cancer phototherapies for example, photothermal- or photodynamic therapies as well as radio enhancement also form a major part of cancer nanomedicine. In general, cancer nanomedicine may be grouped into those NMs exhibiting inherent anti-cancer properties that is, self-therapeutic NMs (Group 1), NMs leading to localization of phototherapies or radio-enhancement (Group 2), and NMs as nanocarriers in the absence or presence of external radiation (Group 3). The recent advances of these three groups, together with their advantages and disadvantages as well as their cellular mechanisms and ultimate outcomes are summarized in this review. By exploiting these different intracellular mechanisms involved in initiating cell death pathways, it is possible to synthesize NMs that may have the desirable characteristics to maximize their efficacy in cancer therapy. Therefore, a summary of these important physicochemical characteristics is also presented that need to be considered for optimal cancer cell targeting and initiation of mechanisms that will lead to cancerous cell death. This article is categorized under: Therapeutic Approaches and Drug Discovery > Nanomedicine for Oncologic Disease Toxicology and Regulatory Issues in Nanomedicine > Toxicology of Nanomaterials Toxicology and Regulatory Issues in Nanomedicine > Regulatory and Policy Issues in Nanomedicine.
近年来，癌症纳米医学取得了进展，预计只会增加，因为纳米材料 (NMs) 很容易被操纵，从而有利于癌症患者。纳米医学的成功取决于细胞死亡机制，而细胞死亡机制又取决于最初靶向的细胞器。癌症纳米医学的成功还取决于其他细胞机制，如自噬功能障碍的诱导、肿瘤微环境 (TME) 和分泌组的操纵或宿主免疫反应的诱导。例如，当前的癌症光疗，如光热或光动力疗法以及放射增强，也是癌症纳米医学的主要组成部分。一般来说，癌症纳米医学可以分为具有固有抗癌特性的 NMs，即自疗 NMs（第 1 组）、导致光疗或放射增强定位的 NMs（第 2 组），以及在没有或存在外部辐射的情况下作为纳米载体的 NMs（第 3 组）。这三组的最新进展，以及它们的优缺点及其细胞机制和最终结果在本综述中进行了总结。通过利用涉及启动细胞死亡途径的这些不同的细胞内机制，可以合成具有最大癌症治疗功效的理想特性的 NMs。因此，还介绍了这些重要的物理化学特性的总结，这对于优化癌症细胞靶向和启动导致癌细胞死亡的机制是必要的。本文属于以下类别： 治疗方法和药物发现 > 癌症纳米医学 毒理学和纳米医学中的监管问题 > 纳米材料的毒理学 毒理学和纳米医学中的监管问题 > 纳米医学中的监管和政策问题。
