Hussain Rabia, Bukhari Nadeem Irfan, Ur Rehman Anees, Hassali Mohamed Azmi, Babar Zaheer-Ud-Din
Commonwealth Pharmacists Association, London E1W 1AW, UK.
Faculty of Pharmacy, The University of Lahore, Lahore 54590, Pakistan.
Vaccines (Basel). 2020 Oct 29;8(4):629. doi: 10.3390/vaccines8040629.
Vaccines are among the most vital interventions to control and reduce the morbidity and mortality worldwide. In accessing vaccines, pricing is usually the single most important deciding element. However, there is a scarcity of the literature on the vaccines pricing. The current study aims to review vaccine prices from the published literature and to evaluate factors that impact the pricing of vaccines. The literature (from 2015-2020) was reviewed to identify the original research articles. Systematic searches were conducted across the five databases including, Google Scholar, PubMed, Science Direct, Scopus and Springer Link. Literature search yielded 23,626 articles, of which 7351 were screened and 7310 articles were excluded based on title and abstracts relevance. The 41 studies were selected for full text review and 4 studies were found to meet the inclusion criteria. The included studies discussed vaccine prices for childhood vaccines, for Human Papilloma Virus (HPV) in US, China and in Europe. One study detailed the various scenarios of the HPV vaccines pricing. It was found that recently introduced vaccines have higher prices owing to the involvement of technology and research for their manufacture. However, prices tended to decrease over some maturation in price and by the involvement of Global Alliance for Vaccine Initiative (GAVI) and other allies. The prices of vaccines in China were much lower than the other high-income countries and the prices offered through United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF), mainly due to the large scale of demand in China. The affordable prices of vaccines were related to delicate procedures involving multiple stakeholders and a shorter duration of contract. This review systematically evaluated the literature and identified key factors that could impact vaccines pricing. The prices were higher for the newly introduced vaccines into the market. However, with the price maturation, there was a decline in the pricing and affordable prices could be achieved through tender pricing and involvement of GAVI and other allies.
疫苗是全球控制和降低发病率及死亡率的最重要干预措施之一。在获取疫苗方面，价格通常是最重要的单一决定因素。然而，关于疫苗定价的文献却很匮乏。本研究旨在回顾已发表文献中的疫苗价格，并评估影响疫苗定价的因素。我们回顾了2015年至2020年的文献以确定原始研究文章。我们在包括谷歌学术、PubMed、科学Direct、Scopus和Springer Link在内的五个数据库中进行了系统搜索。文献搜索共得到23,626篇文章，其中7351篇经过筛选，7310篇因标题和摘要相关性被排除。41项研究被选作全文审查，发现4项研究符合纳入标准。纳入的研究讨论了儿童疫苗、美国、中国和欧洲的人乳头瘤病毒（HPV）疫苗的价格。一项研究详细阐述了HPV疫苗定价的各种情况。研究发现，由于制造过程涉及技术和研究，新推出的疫苗价格较高。然而，随着价格逐渐成熟以及全球疫苗免疫联盟（GAVI）和其他盟友的参与，价格往往会下降。中国的疫苗价格远低于其他高收入国家以及通过联合国儿童基金会（UNICEF）提供的价格，这主要是因为中国的需求规模较大。疫苗价格实惠与涉及多个利益相关者的精细程序以及较短的合同期限有关。本综述系统地评估了文献，并确定了可能影响疫苗定价的关键因素。新进入市场的疫苗价格较高。然而，随着价格成熟，价格会下降，通过招标定价以及GAVI和其他盟友的参与可以实现价格实惠。
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