Blum Nicholas Thomas, Zhang Yifan, Qu Junle, Lin Jing, Huang Peng
Marshall Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering, Laboratory of Evolutionary Theranostics (LET), International Cancer Center, School of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen, China.
Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education and Guangdong Province, College of Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China.
Front Bioeng Biotechnol. 2020 Oct 20;8:594491. doi: 10.3389/fbioe.2020.594491. eCollection 2020.
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is already (Food and Drug Administration) FDA approved and used in the clinic for oncological treatment of pancreatic, lung, esophagus, bile duct, and of course several cancers of skin. It is an important tool in the oncological array of treatments, but for it exist several shortcomings, the most prominent of which is the shallow depth penetration of light within tissues. One-way researchers have attempted to circumvent this is through the creation of self-exciting "auto-PDT" nanoplatforms, which do not require the presence of an external light source to drive the PDT process. Instead, these platforms are driven either through oxidative chemical excitation in the form of chemiluminescence or radiological excitation from beta-emitting isotopes in the form of Cherenkov luminescence. In both, electronic excitations are generated and then transferred to the photosensitizer (PS) Resonance Energy Transfer (RET) or Cherenkov Radiation Energy Transfer (CRET). Self-driven PDT has many components, so in this review, using contemporary examples from literature, we will breakdown the important concepts, strategies, and rationale behind the design of these self-propagating PDT nanoplatforms and critically review the aspects which make them successful and different from conventional PDT. Particular focus is given to the mechanisms of excitation and the different methods of transfer of excited electronic energy to the photosensitizer as well as the resulting therapeutic effect. The papers reviewed herein will be critiqued for their apparent therapeutic efficiency, and a basic rationale will be developed for what qualities are necessary to constitute an "effective" auto-PDT platform. This review will take a biomaterial engineering approach to the review of the auto-PDT platforms and the intended audience includes researchers in the field looking for a new perspective on PDT nanoplatforms as well as other material scientists and engineers looking to understand the mechanisms and relations between different parts of the complex "auto-PDT" system.
光动力疗法（PDT）已获得美国食品药品监督管理局（FDA）批准，并在临床上用于胰腺癌、肺癌、食管癌、胆管癌以及多种皮肤癌的肿瘤治疗。它是肿瘤治疗系列中的一项重要工具，但存在一些缺点，其中最突出的是光在组织内的穿透深度较浅。研究人员试图规避这一问题的一种方法是创建自激发的“自动PDT”纳米平台，该平台无需外部光源来驱动PDT过程。相反，这些平台通过化学发光形式的氧化化学激发或切伦科夫发光形式的β发射同位素的放射激发来驱动。在这两种情况下，都会产生电子激发，然后通过共振能量转移（RET）或切伦科夫辐射能量转移（CRET）转移到光敏剂（PS）。自驱动PDT有许多组成部分，因此在本综述中，我们将以文献中的当代实例为依据，剖析这些自传播PDT纳米平台设计背后的重要概念、策略和原理，并批判性地审视使其成功以及与传统PDT不同的方面。特别关注激发机制以及将激发的电子能量转移到光敏剂的不同方法及其产生的治疗效果。本文所综述的论文将根据其明显的治疗效率进行评判，并为构成一个“有效”的自动PDT平台所需的品质制定基本原理。本综述将采用生物材料工程方法来审视自动PDT平台，目标受众包括寻求PDT纳米平台新视角的该领域研究人员以及希望了解复杂的“自动PDT”系统不同部分之间的机制和关系的其他材料科学家和工程师。
