School of Forensic and Applied Sciences, University of Central Lancashire, PR1 2HE Preston, United Kingdom;
WestCHEM, Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Strathclyde, G1 1RD Glasgow, United Kingdom.
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2020 Dec 8;117(49):31026-31037. doi: 10.1073/pnas.2014529117. Epub 2020 Nov 23.
While debates have raged over the relationship between trance and rock art, unambiguous evidence of the consumption of hallucinogens has not been reported from any rock art site in the world. A painting possibly representing the flowers of on the ceiling of a Californian rock art site called Pinwheel Cave was discovered alongside fibrous quids in the same ceiling. Even though Native Californians are historically documented to have used to enter trance states, little evidence exists to associate it with rock art. A multianalytical approach to the rock art, the quids, and the archaeological context of this site was undertaken. Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) results found hallucinogenic alkaloids scopolamine and atropine in the quids, while scanning electron microscope analysis confirms most to be Three-dimensional (3D) analyses of the quids indicate the quids were likely masticated and thus consumed in the cave under the paintings. Archaeological evidence and chronological dating shows the site was well utilized as a temporary residence for a range of activities from Late Prehistory through Colonial Periods. This indicates that was ingested in the cave and that the rock painting represents the plant itself, serving to codify communal rituals involving this powerful entheogen. These results confirm the use of hallucinogens at a rock art site while calling into question previous assumptions concerning trance and rock art imagery.
虽然关于恍惚状态和岩画之间的关系一直存在争议，但世界上任何一个岩画遗址都没有报告过明确的致幻剂使用证据。在加利福尼亚一个名为风车洞的岩画遗址的天花板上，发现了一幅可能代表花朵的画作，旁边还有同一天花板上的纤维状口含物。尽管有历史记载表明，当地的加利福尼亚原住民曾使用来进入恍惚状态，但几乎没有证据表明它与岩画有关。对该遗址的岩画、口含物和考古背景进行了多分析方法研究。液相色谱-质谱（LC-MS）结果在口含物中发现了致幻生物碱莨菪碱和阿托品，而扫描电子显微镜分析则证实大部分是。口含物的三维（3D）分析表明，口含物很可能在洞穴中被咀嚼并被消耗，就在画作下面。考古证据和年代测定表明，该遗址在从史前晚期到殖民时期的各种活动中被广泛用作临时住所。这表明在洞穴中摄入了，而岩画本身代表了这种强大的致幻植物，旨在将涉及这种致幻植物的集体仪式规范化。这些结果证实了在一个岩画遗址使用致幻剂，同时也对关于恍惚状态和岩画意象的先前假设提出了质疑。
