Wynder E L, Mushinski M H, Spivak J C
Cancer. 1977 Oct;40(4 Suppl):1872-8. doi: 10.1002/1097-0142(197710)40:4+<1872::aid-cncr2820400817>3.0.co;2-#.
The relationship between tobacco and alcohol consumption and the development of additional primary cancers of the upper alimentary tract is reviewed. The chance of developing a second primary is dependent principally on the intensity (i.e., quantity and duration) of the smoking and drinking habit prior to the onset of the first neoplasm. However, results conflict regarding the effect exerted by the continuation of these habits after the first diagnosis. While tobacco smoking is considered the primary risk factor associated with cancers in this area, its interaction with alcohol creates a powerful carcinogenic effect. It is agreed that multiple primaries are selective on a site-specific basis and that risk varies with anatomic location of the first primary.
本文综述了烟草和酒精消费与上消化道其他原发性癌症发生之间的关系。发生第二种原发性癌症的几率主要取决于首次肿瘤发生前吸烟和饮酒习惯的强度（即数量和持续时间）。然而，关于首次诊断后这些习惯持续存在所产生的影响，研究结果存在冲突。虽然吸烟被认为是该区域癌症的主要危险因素，但其与酒精的相互作用会产生强大的致癌作用。人们一致认为，多发性原发性癌症在特定部位具有选择性，且风险因首次原发性癌症的解剖位置而异。
