Department of Dermatology, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran.
Leishmaniasis Research Center, Afzalipour Hospital, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran.
Dermatol Ther. 2021 Jan;34(1):e14578. doi: 10.1111/dth.14578. Epub 2020 Dec 13.
Dysgeusia is the first recognized oral symptom of novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19). In this review article, we described oral lesions of COVID-19 patients. We searched PubMed library and Google Scholar for published literature since December 2019 until September 2020. Finally, we selected 35 articles including case reports, case series and letters to editor. Oral manifestations included ulcer, erosion, bulla, vesicle, pustule, fissured or depapillated tongue, macule, papule, plaque, pigmentation, halitosis, whitish areas, hemorrhagic crust, necrosis, petechiae, swelling, erythema, and spontaneous bleeding. The most common sites of involvement in descending order were tongue (38%), labial mucosa (26%), and palate (22%). Suggested diagnoses of the lesions were aphthous stomatitis, herpetiform lesions, candidiasis, vasculitis, Kawasaki-like, EM-like, mucositis, drug eruption, necrotizing periodontal disease, angina bullosa-like, angular cheilitis, atypical Sweet syndrome, and Melkerson-Rosenthal syndrome. Oral lesions were symptomatic in 68% of the cases. Oral lesions were nearly equal in both genders (49% female and 51% male). Patients with older age and higher severity of COVID-19 disease had more widespread and sever oral lesions. Lack of oral hygiene, opportunistic infections, stress, immunosuppression, vasculitis, and hyper-inflammatory response secondary to COVID-19 are the most important predisposing factors for onset of oral lesions in COVID-19 patients.
味觉障碍是新型冠状病毒病(COVID-19)的第一个公认的口腔症状。在这篇综述文章中,我们描述了 COVID-19 患者的口腔病变。我们搜索了 PubMed 图书馆和 Google Scholar 自 2019 年 12 月至 2020 年 9 月发表的文献。最后,我们选择了 35 篇包括病例报告、病例系列和给编辑的信的文章。口腔表现包括溃疡、糜烂、大疱、水疱、脓疱、皲裂或乳头消失的舌、斑、丘疹、斑块、色素沉着、口臭、白色区域、出血性结痂、坏死、瘀点、肿胀、红斑和自发性出血。最常见的受累部位依次为舌(38%)、唇黏膜(26%)和腭(22%)。病变的提示诊断为阿弗他口炎、疱疹样病变、念珠菌病、血管炎、川崎样、EM 样、黏膜炎、药物疹、坏死性牙周病、水疱样咽峡炎、口角炎、非典型Sweet 综合征和 Melkerson-Rosenthal 综合征。口腔病变在 68%的病例中是有症状的。口腔病变在男女中几乎相等(女性 49%,男性 51%)。年龄较大和 COVID-19 疾病严重程度较高的患者口腔病变更广泛和严重。口腔卫生不良、机会性感染、应激、免疫抑制、血管炎和 COVID-19 继发的过度炎症反应是 COVID-19 患者发生口腔病变的最重要诱发因素。
Dermatol Ther. 2021-1
Rev Med Virol. 2022-1
Dent Med Probl. 2021
Acta Dermatovenerol Alp Pannonica Adriat. 2024-3
Evid Based Dent. 2021-1
Children (Basel). 2025-5-31
BMC Oral Health. 2025-5-21
Contemp Clin Dent. 2024
J Oral Maxillofac Pathol. 2020
Clin Exp Dermatol. 2021-1
Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol. 2021-2
Case Rep Dermatol. 2020-7-29
Int J Infect Dis. 2020-9-1
J Wound Ostomy Continence Nurs. 2020
Am J Emerg Med. 2021-3
JAAD Case Rep. 2020-6-24