Hamel Darka, Rozman Vlatka, Liška Anita
Croatian Agency for Agriculture and Food-Centre for Plant Protection, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia.
Faculty of Agrobiotechnical Sciences Osijek, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, 31000 Osijek, Croatia.
Insects. 2020 Nov 28;11(12):846. doi: 10.3390/insects11120846.
At a time when there is much talk of reducing pesticide use and the implementation of integrated pest management, mainly in fields and glass-houses, it is appropriate to consider how cereals in storage are handled and what measures are taken to protect them against insects and other pests. For decades, the use of various synthetic pesticides has been the basis for the proper and long-term storage of cereals, primarily free of insects and mites, but also fungi and their mycotoxins and rodents. However, due to the registered negative effects of synthetic pesticides, such as dichloro-diphenyl-trihloroethane (DDT) or methyl bromide, on human health and the environment, and the appearance of resistance to, e.g., malathion, researchers have been looking for new acceptable control measures. Due to the proven and published non-acceptable data regarding synthetic pesticide effects, a combination of physical, mechanical, and biological measures with the minimal use of synthetic pesticides, under the name of integrated pest management, have been promoted. These combinations include high and low temperatures; the removal of dockages; and the application of pheromones, diatomaceous earth, and natural compounds from various plants, as well as inert gases, predators, and parasites. A ban of any synthetic pesticide usage is currently being considered, which emphasizes the fact that protection should only be performed by measures that do not leave harmful residues. However, the facts show that the application of physical, mechanical, and/or biological measures, besides the fact that they are not necessarily efficient, is very demanding because more knowledge and experience is required, as well as better equipment, greater financial investment, and awareness raising not only for agricultural producers and storage keepers, but also for consumers. In order to use these measures, which are less hazardous to humans and the environment, it is necessary to adapt regulations not only to speed up the registration protocols of low-risk pesticides, but also to prescribe criteria for placing agricultural products on the market, as well as quality standards, i.e., the permitted number of present insects, in addition to their parts in certain types of food. Additionally, we should be aware of control measures for protecting novel food and other non-traditional foods. It is important to continue to combine different protection measures, namely integrated pest management, until all of the other new procedures that must be carried out during the period of storing cereals and other products are clear, in order to ensure the best quality of final products for consumers.
当前，人们热议减少农药使用以及实施病虫害综合防治，主要应用于农田和温室，此时探讨谷物储存过程中的处理方式以及采取何种措施保护谷物免受昆虫和其他害虫侵害就显得尤为合适。几十年来，使用各种合成农药一直是谷物妥善长期储存的基础，主要是为了使谷物免受昆虫、螨虫、真菌及其霉菌毒素以及啮齿动物的侵害。然而，由于合成农药（如滴滴涕或甲基溴）对人类健康和环境具有已登记的负面影响，以及出现了对马拉硫磷等农药的抗性，研究人员一直在寻找新的可接受的防治措施。鉴于有关合成农药影响的已证实和已公布的不可接受数据，以病虫害综合防治之名，推广了将物理、机械和生物措施与最少使用合成农药相结合的方法。这些组合包括高温和低温处理；去除杂质；应用信息素、硅藻土和来自各种植物的天然化合物，以及惰性气体、捕食性天敌和寄生性天敌。目前正在考虑全面禁止使用任何合成农药，这凸显了保护措施应仅采用不留下有害残留物的方法这一事实。然而，事实表明，应用物理、机械和/或生物措施，不仅不一定有效，而且要求很高，因为这需要更多的知识和经验，以及更好的设备、更大的资金投入，并且不仅要提高农业生产者和储存管理者的认识，还要提高消费者的认识。为了使用这些对人类和环境危害较小的措施，有必要调整法规，不仅要加快低风险农药的注册流程，还要规定农产品上市的标准以及质量标准，即允许存在的昆虫数量，以及它们在某些类型食品中的含量。此外，我们应该了解保护新型食品和其他非传统食品的防治措施。重要的是要继续结合不同的保护措施，即病虫害综合防治，直到谷物和其他产品储存期间必须执行的所有其他新程序都明确为止，以确保为消费者提供质量最佳的最终产品。
