Klyachko Natalia L, Arzt Camryn J, Li Samuel M, Gololobova Olesia A, Batrakova Elena V
Center for Nanotechnology in Drug Delivery, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.
Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.
Pharmaceutics. 2020 Dec 1;12(12):1171. doi: 10.3390/pharmaceutics12121171.
Drug nanoformulations hold remarkable promise for the efficient delivery of therapeutics to a disease site. Unfortunately, artificial nanocarriers, mostly liposomes and polymeric nanoparticles, show limited applications due to the unfavorable pharmacokinetics and rapid clearance from the blood circulation by the reticuloendothelial system (RES). Besides, many of them have high cytotoxicity, low biodegradability, and the inability to cross biological barriers, including the blood brain barrier. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are novel candidates for drug delivery systems with high bioavailability, exceptional biocompatibility, and low immunogenicity. They provide a means for intercellular communication and the transmission of bioactive compounds to targeted tissues, cells, and organs. These features have made them increasingly attractive as a therapeutic platform in recent years. However, there are many obstacles to designing EV-based therapeutics. In this review, we will outline the main hurdles and limitations for therapeutic and clinical applications of drug loaded EV formulations and describe various attempts to solve these problems.
药物纳米制剂在将治疗药物高效递送至疾病部位方面具有显著前景。不幸的是，人工纳米载体，主要是脂质体和聚合物纳米颗粒，由于其不良的药代动力学以及被网状内皮系统（RES）从血液循环中快速清除，应用有限。此外，它们中的许多具有高细胞毒性、低生物降解性以及无法穿越包括血脑屏障在内的生物屏障。细胞外囊泡（EVs）是具有高生物利用度、卓越生物相容性和低免疫原性的新型药物递送系统候选者。它们为细胞间通讯以及生物活性化合物向靶向组织、细胞和器官的传递提供了一种方式。近年来，这些特性使它们作为治疗平台越来越有吸引力。然而，设计基于EV的疗法存在许多障碍。在本综述中，我们将概述载药EV制剂在治疗和临床应用中的主要障碍和局限性，并描述解决这些问题的各种尝试。
