Department of Galenic Pharmacy and Food Technology, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain.
Department of Pediatrics and Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Keck School of Medicine and Children's Hospital, Los Angeles, CA, United States.
Front Cell Infect Microbiol. 2020 Nov 20;10:586667. doi: 10.3389/fcimb.2020.586667. eCollection 2020.
Human milk contains a dynamic and complex site-specific microbiome, which is not assembled in an aleatory way, formed by organized microbial consortia and networks. Presence of some genera, such as (formerly known as ), , and , has been detected by both culture-dependent and culture-independent approaches. DNA from some gut-associated strict anaerobes has also been repeatedly found and some studies have revealed the presence of cells and/or nucleic acids from viruses, archaea, fungi and protozoa in human milk. Colostrum and milk microbes are transmitted to the infant and, therefore, they are among the first colonizers of the human gut. Still, the significance of human milk microbes in infant gut colonization remains an open question. Clinical studies trying to elucidate the question are confounded by the profound impact of non-microbial human milk components to intestinal microecology. Modifications in the microbiota of human milk may have biological consequences for infant colonization, metabolism, immune and neuroendocrine development, and for mammary health. However, the factors driving differences in the composition of the human milk microbiome remain poorly known. In addition to colostrum and milk, breast tissue in lactating and non-lactating women may also contain a microbiota, with implications in the pathogenesis of breast cancer and in some of the adverse outcomes associated with breast implants. This and other open issues, such as the origin of the human milk microbiome, and the current limitations and future prospects are addressed in this review.
人乳含有动态而复杂的特定部位微生物群，其不是以偶然的方式组装的，而是由有组织的微生物群落和网络形成的。通过依赖培养和不依赖培养的方法都已经检测到一些属的存在，例如 （以前称为 ）、 、 和 。还反复发现了一些与肠道相关的严格厌氧菌的 DNA，并且一些研究揭示了人乳中存在病毒、古菌、真菌和原生动物的细胞和/或核酸。初乳和乳微生物会传递给婴儿，因此它们是人类肠道中最早定植的微生物之一。然而，人乳微生物在婴儿肠道定植中的意义仍然是一个悬而未决的问题。试图阐明该问题的临床研究受到非微生物人乳成分对肠道微生态的深远影响的干扰。人乳微生物群的改变可能对婴儿定植、代谢、免疫和神经内分泌发育以及乳房健康具有生物学意义。然而，导致人乳微生物组组成差异的因素仍知之甚少。除了初乳和乳汁外，哺乳期和非哺乳期女性的乳腺组织也可能含有微生物群，这与人乳腺癌的发病机制以及与乳房植入物相关的一些不良后果有关。本综述讨论了这一问题以及其他一些未解决的问题，例如人乳微生物组的起源，以及目前的局限性和未来的前景。
