Erikstad Martin Kjeøen, Johansen Bjørn Tore
Faculty of Education and Arts, Nord University, Bodø, Norway.
Department of Sport Science and Physical Education, University of Agder, Kristiansand, Norway.
Front Sports Act Living. 2020 Feb 27;2:19. doi: 10.3389/fspor.2020.00019. eCollection 2020.
Past studies have indicated that multiple factors may influence sport referees' decisions, such as pressure from spectators and athletes' reputation. Grounded in the social impact theory framework, this study examined whether Norwegian Premier League (NPL) referees are biased by a team's success when awarding penalties. Using video footage (similar to video assistant referees), an expert panel (EP) of four NPL referees evaluated all potential penalty situations ( = 43) involving either of two successful teams during an entire NPL season. Fifty-five potential penalty situations from matches without successful teams were also rated. Overall, the match referees identified 73.3% (22 of 30) of the EP-identified penalties during matches without successful teams. Successful teams were awarded 110% (11 of 10) of the EP-identified penalties, while their opponents were awarded 12.5% (1 of 8). Chi square statistic revealed that successful teams were more likely to receive an incorrect penalty compared with their opponents, and less likely to be denied a penalty they should have been awarded. These findings indicate that referees' decisions may be unintentionally biased by a team's success, extending our knowledge about how football referees may be influenced by social forces.
以往的研究表明，多种因素可能会影响体育裁判的判罚决定，比如来自观众的压力以及运动员的声誉。基于社会影响理论框架，本研究考察了挪威超级联赛（NPL）的裁判在判罚点球时是否会受到球队成绩的影响。通过使用视频片段（类似于视频助理裁判），一个由四名NPL裁判组成的专家小组（EP）对整个NPL赛季中涉及两支成功球队之一的所有潜在点球判罚情况（=43）进行了评估。还对没有成功球队的比赛中的55种潜在点球判罚情况进行了评分。总体而言，比赛裁判在没有成功球队的比赛中识别出了专家小组认定的73.3%（30个中的22个）点球判罚。成功球队获得了专家小组认定的点球判罚的110%（10个中的11个），而他们的对手只获得了12.5%（8个中的1个）。卡方统计显示，与对手相比，成功球队更有可能被判罚错误的点球，而被剥夺本应获得的点球的可能性更小。这些发现表明，裁判的判罚决定可能会无意中受到球队成绩的影响，这拓展了我们对于足球裁判如何受到社会因素影响的认识。
