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驾驶员在自动驾驶过程中使用主动注视来监控航点。

Drivers use active gaze to monitor waypoints during automated driving.

机构信息

School of Psychology, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK.

Cognitive Science, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.

出版信息

Sci Rep. 2021 Jan 8;11(1):263. doi: 10.1038/s41598-020-80126-2.

DOI:10.1038/s41598-020-80126-2
PMID:33420150
原文链接:https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7794576/
Abstract

Automated vehicles (AVs) will change the role of the driver, from actively controlling the vehicle to primarily monitoring it. Removing the driver from the control loop could fundamentally change the way that drivers sample visual information from the scene, and in particular, alter the gaze patterns generated when under AV control. To better understand how automation affects gaze patterns this experiment used tightly controlled experimental conditions with a series of transitions from 'Manual' control to 'Automated' vehicle control. Automated trials were produced using either a 'Replay' of the driver's own steering trajectories or standard 'Stock' trials that were identical for all participants. Gaze patterns produced during Manual and Automated conditions were recorded and compared. Overall the gaze patterns across conditions were very similar, but detailed analysis shows that drivers looked slightly further ahead (increased gaze time headway) during Automation with only small differences between Stock and Replay trials. A novel mixture modelling method decomposed gaze patterns into two distinct categories and revealed that the gaze time headway increased during Automation. Further analyses revealed that while there was a general shift to look further ahead (and fixate the bend entry earlier) when under automated vehicle control, similar waypoint-tracking gaze patterns were produced during Manual driving and Automation. The consistency of gaze patterns across driving modes suggests that active-gaze models (developed for manual driving) might be useful for monitoring driver engagement during Automated driving, with deviations in gaze behaviour from what would be expected during manual control potentially indicating that a driver is not closely monitoring the automated system.

摘要

自动驾驶汽车（AVs）将改变驾驶员的角色，从主动控制车辆转变为主要监控车辆。将驾驶员从控制回路中移除可能会从根本上改变驾驶员从场景中采样视觉信息的方式，特别是在自动驾驶控制下改变生成的注视模式。为了更好地了解自动化如何影响注视模式，本实验在严格控制的实验条件下进行了一系列从“手动”控制到“自动”车辆控制的转换。自动化试验是通过驾驶员自己的转向轨迹的“回放”或所有参与者相同的标准“库存”试验来产生的。记录并比较了在手动和自动条件下产生的注视模式。总体而言，各条件下的注视模式非常相似，但详细分析表明，驾驶员在自动化时稍微向前看（增加注视时间间隔），而库存和回放试验之间只有很小的差异。一种新的混合建模方法将注视模式分解为两个不同的类别，结果表明，在自动化时，注视时间间隔增加。进一步的分析表明，虽然当处于自动驾驶车辆控制下时，一般会向前看（更早地注视弯道入口），但在手动驾驶和自动驾驶期间会产生类似的航点跟踪注视模式。不同驾驶模式下注视模式的一致性表明，主动注视模型（为手动驾驶开发）可能有助于监测自动驾驶期间的驾驶员参与度，注视行为与手动控制时的预期不符可能表明驾驶员没有密切监控自动化系统。

https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/796b/7794576/2931aa556782/41598_2020_80126_Fig12_HTML.jpg
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https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/796b/7794576/f6b0f71f3ee7/41598_2020_80126_Fig8_HTML.jpg
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https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/796b/7794576/42ec835bcc0e/41598_2020_80126_Fig11_HTML.jpg
https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/796b/7794576/2931aa556782/41598_2020_80126_Fig12_HTML.jpg
https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/796b/7794576/ebc9bb6e49ca/41598_2020_80126_Fig1_HTML.jpg
https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/796b/7794576/ee59d6e69ba9/41598_2020_80126_Fig2_HTML.jpg
https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/796b/7794576/985f37c07e52/41598_2020_80126_Fig3_HTML.jpg
https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/796b/7794576/11090e55100d/41598_2020_80126_Fig4_HTML.jpg
https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/796b/7794576/406da64a6665/41598_2020_80126_Fig5_HTML.jpg
https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/796b/7794576/66018ac4f428/41598_2020_80126_Fig6_HTML.jpg
https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/796b/7794576/8d1bae8e47ea/41598_2020_80126_Fig7_HTML.jpg
https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/796b/7794576/f6b0f71f3ee7/41598_2020_80126_Fig8_HTML.jpg
https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/796b/7794576/67208ac34346/41598_2020_80126_Fig9_HTML.jpg
https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/796b/7794576/1adcf539dd5c/41598_2020_80126_Fig10_HTML.jpg
https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/796b/7794576/42ec835bcc0e/41598_2020_80126_Fig11_HTML.jpg
https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/796b/7794576/2931aa556782/41598_2020_80126_Fig12_HTML.jpg

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