GEOMAR Centre for Marine Biotechnology (GEOMAR-Biotech), Research Unit Marine Natural Products Chemistry, GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel, Am Kiel-Kanal 44, 24106 Kiel, Germany.
Coast and Oceans National Centre, National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research (NIWA) Ltd., P.O. Box 109-695, Newmarket, Auckland 1149, New Zealand.
Mar Drugs. 2021 Jan 9;19(1):27. doi: 10.3390/md19010027.
Marine sponges are exceptionally prolific sources of natural products for the discovery and development of new drugs. Until now, sponges have contributed around 30% of all natural metabolites isolated from the marine environment. Family Latrunculiidae Topsent, 1922 (class Demospongiae Sollas, 1885, order Poecilosclerida Topsent, 1928) is a small sponge family comprising seven genera. Latrunculid sponges are recognized as the major reservoirs of diverse types of pyrroloiminoquinone-type alkaloids, with a myriad of biological activities, in particular, cytotoxicity, fuelling their exploration for anticancer drug discovery. Almost 100 pyrroloiminoquinone alkaloids and their structurally related compounds have been reported from the family Latrunculiidae. The systematics of latrunculid sponges has had a complex history, however it is now well understood. The pyrroloiminoquinone alkaloids have provided important chemotaxonomic characters for this sponge family. Latrunculid sponges have been reported to contain other types of metabolites, such as peptides (callipeltins), norditerpenes and norsesterpenes (trunculins) and macrolides (latrunculins), however, the sponges containing latrunculins and trunculins have been transferred to other sponge families. This review highlights a comprehensive literature survey spanning from the first chemical investigation of a New Zealand sp. in 1986 until August 2020, focusing on the chemical diversity and biological activities of secondary metabolites reported from the family Latrunculiidae. The biosynthetic (microbial) origin and the taxonomic significance of pyrroloiminoquinone related alkaloids are also discussed.
海洋海绵是发现和开发新药的天然产物的异常丰富来源。到目前为止，海绵已经从海洋环境中分离出约 30%的所有天然代谢产物。Latrunculiidae 家族（Topsent，1922 年）（Demospongiae Sollas，1885 年，Order Poecilosclerida Topsent，1928 年）是一个由七个属组成的小型海绵家族。Latrunculid 海绵被认为是多种吡咯并 iminoquinone 型生物碱的主要储库，具有多种生物活性，特别是细胞毒性，这推动了它们在抗癌药物发现方面的探索。从 Latrunculiidae 家族中已经报道了近 100 种吡咯并 iminoquinone 生物碱及其结构相关化合物。然而，Latrunculiidae 海绵的系统发育历史复杂，但现在已经得到很好的理解。吡咯并 iminoquinone 生物碱为该海绵家族提供了重要的化学分类学特征。已经报道 Latrunculiidae 海绵含有其他类型的代谢物，如肽（Callipeltins）、二萜（Norditerpenes 和 Norsterpenes（Trunculins）和大环内酯（Latrunculins），然而，含有 Latrunculins 和 Trunculins 的海绵已被转移到其他海绵家族。本文综述了从 1986 年首次对新西兰海绵进行化学研究到 2020 年 8 月的全面文献调查，重点介绍了从 Latrunculiidae 家族中报道的次生代谢物的化学多样性和生物活性。还讨论了吡咯并 iminoquinone 相关生物碱的生物合成（微生物）起源和分类学意义。
