Gwenzi Willis, Chaukura Nhamo, Muisa-Zikali Norah, Teta Charles, Musvuugwa Tendai, Rzymski Piotr, Abia Akebe Luther King
Biosystems and Environmental Engineering Research Group, Department of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering, University of Zimbabwe, Mount. Pleasant, Harare P.O. Box MP167, Zimbabwe.
Department of Physical and Earth Sciences, Sol Plaatje University, Kimberley 8300, South Africa.
Antibiotics (Basel). 2021 Jan 12;10(1):68. doi: 10.3390/antibiotics10010068.
This paper reviews the occurrence of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in insects, rodents, and pets. Insects (e.g., houseflies, cockroaches), rodents (rats, mice), and pets (dogs, cats) act as reservoirs of AMR for first-line and last-resort antimicrobial agents. AMR proliferates in insects, rodents, and pets, and their skin and gut systems. Subsequently, insects, rodents, and pets act as vectors that disseminate AMR to humans via direct contact, human food contamination, and horizontal gene transfer. Thus, insects, rodents, and pets might act as sentinels or bioindicators of AMR. Human health risks are discussed, including those unique to low-income countries. Current evidence on human health risks is largely inferential and based on qualitative data, but comprehensive statistics based on quantitative microbial risk assessment (QMRA) are still lacking. Hence, tracing human health risks of AMR to insects, rodents, and pets, remains a challenge. To safeguard human health, mitigation measures are proposed, based on the one-health approach. Future research should include human health risk analysis using QMRA, and the application of in-silico techniques, genomics, network analysis, and 'big data' analytical tools to understand the role of household insects, rodents, and pets in the persistence, circulation, and health risks of AMR.
本文综述了昆虫、啮齿动物和宠物中抗菌药物耐药性（AMR）的发生情况。昆虫（如家蝇、蟑螂）、啮齿动物（大鼠、小鼠）和宠物（狗、猫）是一线和最后手段抗菌药物的AMR储存宿主。AMR在昆虫、啮齿动物和宠物及其皮肤和肠道系统中增殖。随后，昆虫、啮齿动物和宠物作为载体，通过直接接触、人类食物污染和水平基因转移将AMR传播给人类。因此，昆虫、啮齿动物和宠物可能充当AMR的哨兵或生物指示物。文中讨论了人类健康风险，包括低收入国家特有的风险。目前关于人类健康风险的证据很大程度上是推断性的，基于定性数据，但基于定量微生物风险评估（QMRA）的全面统计数据仍然缺乏。因此，追踪AMR对昆虫、啮齿动物和宠物造成的人类健康风险仍然是一项挑战。为保障人类健康，基于“同一健康”方法提出了缓解措施。未来的研究应包括使用QMRA进行人类健康风险分析，以及应用计算机技术、基因组学、网络分析和“大数据”分析工具，以了解家庭昆虫、啮齿动物和宠物在AMR的持续存在、传播和健康风险中的作用。
