Subjakova Veronika, Oravczova Veronika, Hianik Tibor
Department of Nuclear Physics and Biophysics, Faculty of Mathematics, Physics and Informatics, Comenius University, Mlynska dolina F1, 842 48 Bratislava, Slovakia.
Polymers (Basel). 2021 Jan 21;13(3):341. doi: 10.3390/polym13030341.
Polymer nanoparticles and nano/micromotors are novel nanostructures that are of increased interest especially in the diagnosis and therapy of cancer. These structures are modified by antibodies or nucleic acid aptamers and can recognize the cancer markers at the membrane of the cancer cells or in the intracellular side. They can serve as a cargo for targeted transport of drugs or nucleic acids in chemo- immuno- or gene therapy. The various mechanisms, such as enzyme, ultrasound, magnetic, electrical, or light, served as a driving force for nano/micromotors, allowing their transport into the cells. This review is focused on the recent achievements in the development of polymer nanoparticles and nano/micromotors modified by antibodies and nucleic acid aptamers. The methods of preparation of polymer nanoparticles, their structure and properties are provided together with those for synthesis and the application of nano/micromotors. The various mechanisms of the driving of nano/micromotors such as chemical, light, ultrasound, electric and magnetic fields are explained. The targeting drug delivery is based on the modification of nanostructures by receptors such as nucleic acid aptamers and antibodies. Special focus is therefore on the method of selection aptamers for recognition cancer markers as well as on the comparison of the properties of nucleic acid aptamers and antibodies. The methods of immobilization of aptamers at the nanoparticles and nano/micromotors are provided. Examples of applications of polymer nanoparticles and nano/micromotors in targeted delivery and in controlled drug release are presented. The future perspectives of biomimetic nanostructures in personalized nanomedicine are also discussed.
聚合物纳米颗粒和纳米/微型马达是新型纳米结构，尤其在癌症诊断和治疗方面备受关注。这些结构通过抗体或核酸适配体进行修饰，能够识别癌细胞膜上或细胞内的癌症标志物。它们可作为化疗、免疫治疗或基因治疗中药物或核酸靶向运输的载体。酶、超声、磁、电或光等多种机制可作为纳米/微型马达的驱动力，使其能够进入细胞。本综述聚焦于抗体和核酸适配体修饰的聚合物纳米颗粒及纳米/微型马达的最新研究成果。介绍了聚合物纳米颗粒的制备方法、结构和性质，以及纳米/微型马达的合成与应用方法。解释了纳米/微型马达的各种驱动机制，如化学、光、超声、电场和磁场。靶向药物递送基于核酸适配体和抗体等受体对纳米结构的修饰。因此，特别关注选择用于识别癌症标志物的适配体方法，以及核酸适配体和抗体性质的比较。还介绍了适配体固定在纳米颗粒和纳米/微型马达上的方法。展示了聚合物纳米颗粒和纳米/微型马达在靶向递送和控释药物方面的应用实例。同时也讨论了仿生纳米结构在个性化纳米医学中的未来前景。
