Fabrication and application of nanoporous anodic aluminum oxide: a review.

Due to the unique optical and electrochemical properties, large surface area, tunable properties, and high thermal stability, nanoporous anodic aluminum oxide (AAO) has become one of the most popular materials with a large potential to develop emerging applications in numerous areas, including biosensors, desalination, high-risk pollutants detection, capacitors, solar cell devices, photonic crystals, template-assisted fabrication of nanostructures, and so on. This review covers the mechanism of AAO formation, manufacturing technology, the relationship between the properties of AAO and fabrication conditions, and applications of AAO. Properties of AAO, like pore diameter, interpore distance, wall thickness, and anodized aluminum layer thickness, can be fully controlled by fabrication conditions, including electrolyte, applied voltage, anodizing and widening time. Generally speaking, the pore diameter of AAO will affect its specific application to a large extent. Moreover, manufacturing technology like one/two/multi step anodization, nanoimprint lithography anodization, and pulse/cyclic anodization also have a major impact on overall array arrangement. The review aims to provide a perspective overview of the relationship between applications and their corresponding AAO pore sizes, systematically. And the review also focuses on the strategies by which the structures and functions of AAO can be utilized.