Yakabe Kyosuke, Uchiyama Jun, Akiyama Masahiro, Kim Yun-Gi
Research Center for Drug Discovery, Faculty of Pharmacy, Keio University, Tokyo 105-8512, Japan.
Division of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Keio University, Tokyo 105-8512, Japan.
Pharmaceutics. 2021 Jan 26;13(2):163. doi: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13020163.
Vaccinations improve the mortality and morbidity rates associated with several infections through the generation of antigen-specific immune responses. Adjuvants are often used together with vaccines to improve immunogenicity. However, the immune responses induced by most on-going vaccines and adjuvants approved for human use vary in individuals; this is a limitation that must be overcome to improve vaccine efficacy. Several reports have indicated that the symbiotic bacteria, particularly the gut microbiota, impact vaccine-mediated antigen-specific immune responses and promote the induction of nonspecific responses via the "training" of innate immune cells. Therefore, the interaction between gut microbiota and innate immune cells should be considered to ensure the optimal immunogenicity of vaccines and adjuvants. In this review, we first introduce the current knowledge on the immunological mechanisms of vaccines and adjuvants. Subsequently, we discuss how the gut microbiota influences immunity and highlight the relationship between gut microbes and trained innate immunity, vaccines, and adjuvants. Understanding these complex interactions will provide insights into novel vaccine approaches centered on the gut microbiota.
疫苗通过产生抗原特异性免疫反应来降低与多种感染相关的死亡率和发病率。佐剂通常与疫苗一起使用以提高免疫原性。然而，大多数已获批用于人类的现有疫苗和佐剂所诱导的免疫反应在个体间存在差异；这是提高疫苗效力必须克服的一个限制。有几份报告表明，共生细菌，尤其是肠道微生物群，会影响疫苗介导的抗原特异性免疫反应，并通过对先天免疫细胞的“训练”促进非特异性反应的诱导。因此，应考虑肠道微生物群与先天免疫细胞之间的相互作用，以确保疫苗和佐剂的最佳免疫原性。在这篇综述中，我们首先介绍目前关于疫苗和佐剂免疫机制的知识。随后，我们讨论肠道微生物群如何影响免疫，并强调肠道微生物与训练有素的先天免疫、疫苗和佐剂之间的关系。了解这些复杂的相互作用将为以肠道微生物群为中心的新型疫苗方法提供见解。
