Department of Medical Laboratories, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Qassim University, Buraydah, Saudi Arabia.
Department of Basic Health Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Qassim University, Buraydah, Saudi Arabia.
Mediators Inflamm. 2021 Jan 19;2021:6661937. doi: 10.1155/2021/6661937. eCollection 2021.
Diethylnitrosamine (DEN) is a well-known hepatocarcinogen, and its oral administration causes severe liver damage including cancer. DEN induces the pathogenesis of the liver through reactive oxygen species mediated inflammation and modulation of various biological activities. 6-Gingerol, a major component of ginger, is reported to prevent liver diseases by reducing the oxidative stress and proinflammatory mediators. The present study investigated the hepatoprotective effects of 6-gingerol through the measurement of oxidative stress, anti-inflammatory markers, liver function enzyme parameter, and histopathological analysis. The rats were randomly divided into four groups as the control, DEN treated (50 mg/kg b.w.), DEN+6-gingerol (each 50 mg/kg b.w.), and 6-gingerol only. To evaluate the hepatoprotective effects, liver function enzymes (ALT, AST, and ALP), oxidative stress markers (SOD, GSH, GST, and TAC), lipid peroxidation, inflammatory markers (CRP, TNF-, IL-6, and ICAM1), haematoxylin and eosin staining, Sirius red staining, immunohistochemistry, and electron microscopy were performed. The results showed a significant increase in liver function enzymes, oxidative stress, and inflammatory markers in the DEN-treated group as compared to the control group. Besides this, altered architecture of hepatocytes (infiltration of inflammatory cells, congestion, blood vessel dilation, and edema), abundant collagen fiber and organelle structures like distorted shaped and swollen mitochondria, and broken endoplasmic reticulum were noticed. The administration of 6-gingerol significantly ameliorated the biochemical and histopathological changes. The increased expression of TNF- protein was noticed in the DEN-treated group whereas the administration of 6-gingerol significantly decreased the expression of this protein. Based on these findings, it can be suggested that 6-gingerol may be an alternative therapy for the prevention and treatment of liver diseases.
二乙基亚硝胺（DEN）是一种众所周知的肝癌致癌物，其经口服摄入会导致严重的肝损伤，包括癌症。DEN 通过活性氧介导的炎症和各种生物活性的调节来诱导肝脏发病。姜辣素是生姜的主要成分之一，据报道可通过减少氧化应激和促炎介质来预防肝病。本研究通过测量氧化应激、抗炎标志物、肝功能酶参数和组织病理学分析来研究 6-姜辣素的肝保护作用。大鼠随机分为四组：对照组、DEN 处理组（50mg/kg b.w.）、DEN+6-姜辣素组（各 50mg/kg b.w.）和 6-姜辣素组。为了评估肝保护作用，测定了肝功能酶（ALT、AST 和 ALP）、氧化应激标志物（SOD、GSH、GST 和 TAC）、脂质过氧化、炎症标志物（CRP、TNF-α、IL-6 和 ICAM1）、苏木精和伊红染色、天狼猩红染色、免疫组织化学和电子显微镜。结果表明，与对照组相比，DEN 处理组的肝功能酶、氧化应激和炎症标志物显著增加。此外，还观察到肝细胞结构改变（炎症细胞浸润、充血、血管扩张和水肿）、大量胶原纤维和细胞器结构（如变形和肿胀的线粒体、破裂的内质网）。6-姜辣素的给药显著改善了生化和组织病理学变化。DEN 处理组中 TNF-α蛋白的表达增加，而 6-姜辣素的给药显著降低了该蛋白的表达。基于这些发现，可以认为 6-姜辣素可能是预防和治疗肝病的一种替代疗法。
