School of Public Health and Zoonoses, Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Ludhiana, India.
Environ Sci Pollut Res Int. 2021 Jun;28(22):28556-28570. doi: 10.1007/s11356-021-12514-8. Epub 2021 Feb 5.
Antibiotic resistance is a mushrooming pandemic at national and international levels which if not controlled at this very moment, can lead to global problems. Main reason for emerging bacterial resistance is repeated exposure of bacteria to antimicrobial agents and access of bacteria to increasingly large pools of antimicrobial resistance genes in mixed bacterial populations. A total of 51 villages were sampled in the current study contributing to a total of 153 farms. A total of 612 samples comprising 153 each of raw pooled milk samples, slurry, animal drinking water and human drinking water were gathered from small, medium and large farms located in all seven tehsils of Ludhiana district of Punjab. In addition to that, 37 samples of village pond water were also collected from the targeted villages. Out of total 153 slurry, raw pooled milk samples, animal drinking water and human drinking water samples (each), the prevalence of 24.8%, 60%, 26.7% and 16.3% was found for E. coli respectively. On the other hand, for Klebsiella, the overall prevalence of 19.6%, 51%, 20.2% and 5.8% was found from slurry, raw pooled milk samples, animal drinking water and human drinking water respectively. In all matrices, the comparative frequency of resistance genes in positive isolates of E. coli and K. pneumoniae was: tetA > tetB > tetC, qnrS > qnrB > qnrA, sulII > sulI > sulIII. The highest proportion of resistance genes was found in slurry (193 genes) followed by milk (71 genes). The overall pattern of resistant genes was tetA > sulII > qnrS. In conclusion, data from the present study suggested that commensal E. coli and Klebsiella may act as reservoirs of antimicrobial drug resistance genes which may be mobilised into human populations and untreated animal waste may be considered an important source of resistant bacteria leading to environmental pollution.
抗生素耐药性是一个在国家和国际层面上迅速蔓延的大流行病，如果不在此时加以控制，可能会导致全球性问题。细菌产生耐药性的主要原因是细菌反复暴露于抗菌药物和细菌能够进入混合细菌群体中越来越大的抗菌药物耐药基因库。本研究共采集了 51 个村庄的样本，涉及 153 个农场。从小型、中型和大型农场采集了总共 612 个样本，包括 153 个原始混合牛奶样本、粪浆、动物饮用水和人类饮用水。此外，还从目标村庄采集了 37 个村庄池塘水样。在总共 153 个粪浆、原始混合牛奶样本、动物饮用水和人类饮用水样本中，大肠杆菌的检出率分别为 24.8%、60%、26.7%和 16.3%。另一方面，对于克雷伯氏菌，粪浆、原始混合牛奶样本、动物饮用水和人类饮用水中的总检出率分别为 19.6%、51%、20.2%和 5.8%。在所有基质中，大肠杆菌和肺炎克雷伯菌阳性分离株中耐药基因的相对频率为：tetA > tetB > tetC、qnrS > qnrB > qnrA、sulII > sulI > sulIII。在粪浆中发现的耐药基因比例最高（193 个基因），其次是牛奶（71 个基因）。总的耐药基因模式为 tetA > sulII > qnrS。总之，本研究的数据表明，共生的大肠杆菌和肺炎克雷伯菌可能是抗菌药物耐药基因的储库，这些基因可能会转移到人群中，未经处理的动物废物可能是导致细菌耐药性和环境污染的重要来源。
