Wareth Gamal, Linde Jörg, Hammer Philipp, Pletz Mathias W, Neubauer Heinrich, Sprague Lisa D
Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Institute of Bacterial Infections and Zoonoses (IBIZ), Naumburger Str. 96a, 07743 Jena, Germany.
Institute for Infectious Diseases and Infection Control, Jena University Hospital, Jena University, 07743 Jena, Germany.
Microorganisms. 2022 Mar 5;10(3):564. doi: 10.3390/microorganisms10030564.
The emergence of () in German healthcare is worrying. It is not well-investigated in the veterinary world and food chains. In the current study, antibiotic susceptibility profiles of 24 strains isolated from powdered milk samples produced in Germany were investigated by a microdilution test. Next-generation sequencing (NGS) was applied to identify genomic determinants for antimicrobial resistance (AMR), virulence-associated genes and plasmids replicons. All isolates were susceptible to the majority (14/18) of tested antibiotics. Resistance to colistin, fosfomycin, chloramphenicol and piperacillin was found. The ambler class A ß-lactamase, variants were identified in all isolates, of which was most prevalent and found in 50% of isolates. Single-nucleotide-variants of A and B conferring resistance to phenicol/quinolone were found in all isolates, and the B17 was the most prevalent found in 46% of isolates. 67% of isolates harbored A genes; however, only one was fosfomycin-resistant. Two isolates harbored genes conferring resistance to colistin, despite being susceptible. The majority of identified virulome genes were iron uptake siderophores. Two enterobactins (B, C), six adherence-related genes belonging to common pilus (ECP) and one secretion system (A gene) were found in all isolates. In contrast, yersiniabactin was found in two isolates. One ST23 strain was susceptible to all tested antibiotics, and harbored determinants discriminatory for hypervirulent strains, e.g., aerobactin, salmochelin, yersiniabactin, enterobactin and regulator of mucoid phenotype A genes that are highly associated with hypervirulent . The IncF plasmid family was found in all strains, while almost half of the isolates harbored Col440I-type plasmids and nine isolates harbored various Inc-type plasmids. The presence of carrying different resistomes and major virulent specific virulomes in powdered milk samples is alarming. This could threaten public health, particularly of neonates and infants consuming dried milk.
德国医疗保健领域中（）的出现令人担忧。在兽医界和食物链中，对此并未进行充分研究。在本研究中，通过微量稀释试验对从德国生产的奶粉样本中分离出的24株菌株的抗生素敏感性谱进行了调查。应用下一代测序（NGS）来鉴定抗菌药物耐药性（AMR）的基因组决定因素、毒力相关基因和质粒复制子。所有分离株对大多数（14/18）测试抗生素敏感。发现了对黏菌素、磷霉素、氯霉素和哌拉西林的耐药性。在所有分离株中均鉴定出安布勒A类β-内酰胺酶变体，其中最常见的变体在50%的分离株中被发现。在所有分离株中均发现了赋予对氯霉素/喹诺酮耐药性的A和B单核苷酸变体，B17变体最为常见，在46%的分离株中被发现。67%的分离株携带A基因；然而，只有一株对磷霉素耐药。尽管对黏菌素敏感，但有两株分离株携带赋予对黏菌素耐药性的基因。鉴定出的大多数毒力组基因是铁摄取铁载体。在所有分离株中均发现了两种肠杆菌素（B、C）、六个属于常见菌毛（ECP）的黏附相关基因和一个分泌系统（A基因）。相比之下，在两株分离株中发现了耶尔森菌素。一株ST23菌株对所有测试抗生素敏感，并携带对高毒力菌株具有鉴别性的决定因素，例如与高毒力密切相关的气杆菌素、沙门菌素、耶尔森菌素、肠杆菌素和黏液样表型A基因的调节因子。在所有菌株中均发现了IncF质粒家族，而几乎一半的分离株携带Col440I型质粒，九株分离株携带各种Inc型质粒。奶粉样本中携带不同耐药组和主要毒力特异性毒力组的情况令人担忧。这可能威胁公众健康，尤其是食用奶粉的新生儿和婴儿的健康。
