Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA.
Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute, Smithsonian Institution, Front Royal, VA, USA; Hawaii Institute of Marine Biology, University of Hawaii, Kaneohe, HI, USA.
Cryobiology. 2021 Apr;99:1-10. doi: 10.1016/j.cryobiol.2021.02.001. Epub 2021 Feb 5.
Mosquito-borne diseases are responsible for millions of human deaths every year, posing a massive burden on global public health. Mosquitoes transmit a variety of bacteria, parasites and viruses. Mosquito control efforts such as insecticide spraying can reduce mosquito populations, but they must be sustained in order to have long term impacts, can result in the evolution of insecticide resistance, are costly, and can have adverse human and environmental effects. Technological advances have allowed genetic manipulation of mosquitoes, including generation of those that are still susceptible to insecticides, which has greatly increased the number of mosquito strains and lines available to the scientific research community. This generates an associated challenge, because rearing and maintaining unique mosquito lines requires time, money and facilities, and long-term maintenance can lead to adaptation to specific laboratory conditions, resulting in mosquito lines that are distinct from their wild-type counterparts. Additionally, continuous rearing of transgenic lines can lead to loss of genetic markers, genes and/or phenotypes. Cryopreservation of valuable mosquito lines could help circumvent these limitations and allow researchers to reduce the cost of rearing multiple lines simultaneously, maintain low passage number transgenic mosquitoes, and bank lines not currently being used. Additionally, mosquito cryopreservation could allow researchers to access the same mosquito lines, limiting the impact of unique laboratory or field conditions. Successful cryopreservation of mosquitoes would expand the field of mosquito research and could ultimately lead to advances that would reduce the burden of mosquito-borne diseases, possibly through rear-and-release strategies to overcome mosquito insecticide resistance. Cryopreservation techniques have been developed for some insect groups, including but not limited to fruit flies, silkworms and other moth species, and honeybees. Recent advances within the cryopreservation field, along with success with other insects suggest that cryopreservation of mosquitoes may be a feasible method for preserving valuable scientific and public health resources. In this review, we will provide an overview of basic mosquito biology, the current state of and advances within insect cryopreservation, and a proposed approach toward cryopreservation of Anopheles stephensi mosquitoes.
每年有数百万人死于蚊媒疾病，给全球公共卫生带来巨大负担。蚊子传播各种细菌、寄生虫和病毒。通过喷洒杀虫剂等蚊虫控制措施可以降低蚊虫数量，但必须持续进行，才能产生长期影响，而且还会导致昆虫产生抗药性、成本高昂，并对人类和环境产生不利影响。技术进步使得对蚊子进行基因改造成为可能，包括生成仍然对杀虫剂敏感的蚊子，这大大增加了可供科研界使用的蚊子品系和品系数量。这带来了一个相关的挑战，因为饲养和维护独特的蚊子品系需要时间、金钱和设施，而且长期维护会导致对特定实验室条件的适应，从而导致与野生型品系不同的蚊子品系。此外，连续饲养转基因品系会导致遗传标记、基因和/或表型的丢失。有价值的蚊子品系的冷冻保存可以帮助克服这些限制，并使研究人员能够降低同时饲养多个品系的成本，维持低传代数的转基因蚊子，并储存目前未使用的品系。此外，蚊子的冷冻保存可以使研究人员能够访问相同的蚊子品系，从而限制独特的实验室或现场条件的影响。蚊子的成功冷冻保存将扩大蚊子研究领域，并最终可能导致减少蚊媒疾病负担的进展，可能通过后放策略来克服蚊子对杀虫剂的抗性。一些昆虫群体已经开发出冷冻保存技术，包括但不限于果蝇、家蚕和其他蛾类以及蜜蜂。冷冻保存领域的最新进展以及其他昆虫的成功表明，蚊子的冷冻保存可能是保存有价值的科学和公共卫生资源的可行方法。在这篇综述中，我们将提供蚊子生物学的概述、昆虫冷冻保存的现状和进展，以及冷冻保存埃及伊蚊的拟议方法。
