Janowska-Miasik Ewelina, Waśkiewicz Anna, Witkowska Anna Maria, Drygas Wojciech, Markhus Maria Wik, Zujko Małgorzata Elżbieta, Kjellevold Marian
Institute of Marine Research, P.O. Box 1870, NO-5817, Bergen, Nordnes, Norway.
Department of Epidemiology, Cardiovascular Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, National Institute of Cardiology, Alpejska 42, 04-628, Warsaw, Poland.
BMC Public Health. 2021 Feb 9;21(1):319. doi: 10.1186/s12889-021-10361-3.
Adequate nutrition is a public health challenge due to the increase in the incidence of diet-related diseases. The aim of this study was to examine food and nutrient intakes in the light of the current dietary guidelines of Poland and Norway. This is a suitable model for studying the diet quality in countries with different degrees of government intervention in the food market, which may affect food diversity available for citizens.
The food diversity on the market was assessed using national food balance sheets. To show the actual food and nutrient intake within countries, data from 24-h recalls from the national surveys, NORKOST 3 from Norwegians and WOBASZ II from Poles, were used. In order to evaluate whether dietary patterns comply with nutritional and dietary recommendations, the Norwegian and Polish recommendations for nutrition and the national food based dietary guidelines (FBDGs) were analyzed.
Significant differences between the national supplies for most food products were found. Only subtle differences in the national FBDGs and nutritional recommendations were found. Low compliance with the national FBDGs for milk, fish and sugar consumption in Poland was observed. The intakes of most nutrients were in line with the countries' nutrition recommendations. The intakes of folate and vitamin D by both genders and the intake of iron among women, were inadequate in both countries. Calcium and magnesium intakes were below the recommended intake among the adult population of Poland, additionally, insufficient intake of potassium and thiamine was found among Polish women.
Despite the limited availability of certain food products on the market, the diet of Norwegians was better balanced in terms of food consumed and micronutrient intakes. The good supply of various groups of food has not, however, reduced the problem of widespread deficiency of vitamin D and folic acid in the diet, and action should be taken at national level to eliminate their inadequacy. In view of increasing risk of non-communicable diseases, low compliance with the dietary guidelines requires educational campaigns aimed at increasing dietary literacy in vulnerable groups.
由于与饮食相关疾病的发病率上升，充足的营养成为一项公共卫生挑战。本研究的目的是根据波兰和挪威当前的饮食指南来审视食物和营养素的摄入量。这是一个研究政府对食品市场干预程度不同的国家饮食质量的合适模型，这种干预可能会影响公民可获得的食物多样性。
利用国家食物平衡表评估市场上的食物多样性。为了展示各国实际的食物和营养素摄入量，使用了来自挪威的NORKOST 3和波兰的WOBASZ II全国性调查中24小时膳食回顾的数据。为了评估饮食模式是否符合营养和饮食建议，对挪威和波兰的营养建议以及国家基于食物的膳食指南（FBDG）进行了分析。
发现大多数食品的国家供应量之间存在显著差异。在国家FBDG和营养建议方面仅发现细微差异。在波兰，观察到牛奶、鱼类和糖的消费对国家FBDG的依从性较低。大多数营养素的摄入量符合各国的营养建议。两国中，男性和女性的叶酸和维生素D摄入量以及女性的铁摄入量均不足。波兰成年人口的钙和镁摄入量低于推荐摄入量，此外，波兰女性的钾和硫胺素摄入量也不足。
尽管市场上某些食品的供应有限，但挪威人的饮食在食用的食物和微量营养素摄入方面更为均衡。然而，各类食物的充足供应并未减少饮食中普遍存在的维生素D和叶酸缺乏问题，应在国家层面采取行动消除其不足。鉴于非传染性疾病风险增加，对饮食指南的低依从性需要开展教育活动，以提高弱势群体的饮食素养。
