Pistono Cristiana, Bister Nea, Stanová Iveta, Malm Tarja
A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland.
Front Cell Dev Biol. 2021 Jan 25;8:623771. doi: 10.3389/fcell.2020.623771. eCollection 2020.
Glial cells are crucial for the maintenance of correct neuronal functionality in a physiological state and intervene to restore the equilibrium when environmental or pathological conditions challenge central nervous system homeostasis. The communication between glial cells and neurons is essential and extracellular vesicles (EVs) take part in this function by transporting a plethora of molecules with the capacity to influence the function of the recipient cells. EVs, including exosomes and microvesicles, are a heterogeneous group of biogenetically distinct double membrane-enclosed vesicles. Once released from the cell, these two types of vesicles are difficult to discern, thus we will call them with the general term of EVs. This review is focused on the EVs secreted by astrocytes, oligodendrocytes and microglia, aiming to shed light on their influence on neurons and on the overall homeostasis of the central nervous system functions. We collect evidence on neuroprotective and homeostatic effects of glial EVs, including neuronal plasticity. On the other hand, current knowledge of the detrimental effects of the EVs in pathological conditions is addressed. Finally, we propose directions for future studies and we evaluate the potential of EVs as a therapeutic treatment for neurological disorders.
神经胶质细胞对于维持生理状态下神经元的正常功能至关重要，并且当环境或病理状况挑战中枢神经系统的稳态时，会进行干预以恢复平衡。神经胶质细胞与神经元之间的通讯至关重要，而细胞外囊泡（EVs）通过运输大量能够影响受体细胞功能的分子参与这一功能。EVs包括外泌体和微囊泡，是一组生物发生上不同的、由双膜包裹的异质性囊泡。一旦从细胞中释放出来，这两种类型的囊泡就很难区分，因此我们将用EVs这个通用术语来称呼它们。本综述聚焦于星形胶质细胞、少突胶质细胞和小胶质细胞分泌的EVs，旨在阐明它们对神经元以及中枢神经系统功能整体稳态的影响。我们收集了关于神经胶质细胞EVs的神经保护和稳态作用的证据，包括神经元可塑性。另一方面，也探讨了目前关于EVs在病理状况下有害作用的知识。最后，我们提出了未来研究的方向，并评估了EVs作为神经疾病治疗方法的潜力。
