Pharmacology Division, University Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences (UIPS), Panjab University, Chandigarh, 110014, India.
Pharmacology Division, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guru Jambheshwar University of Science and Technology, Hisar (Haryana), Pharmacy University (DPSRU), Residence: D-2, New Delhi, India.
Pharmacol Rep. 2021 Oct;73(5):1255-1264. doi: 10.1007/s43440-021-00244-0. Epub 2021 Mar 10.
The term "Autism spectrum disorder" (ASD), in vogue at present, has evolved after continual substantial developments taking place over more than a century. ASD is a heterogeneous, multi-factorial, developmental disability in which an unusual pattern of development takes place during infant and toddler years. As per DSM-5, Autism spectrum disorder is a combined phrase for a family of complex developmental disabilities inclusive of "Autistic Disorder, Pervasive Developmental Disorder not Otherwise Specified (PDD-NOS), and Asperger's Disorder". "ASD is characterized not only by persistent impairments in reciprocal social communication and social interactions, but is also manifested by restricted, repetitive patterns of behavior, interests, or activities". The classical clinical signs that exist in two major domains, viz. the 'social domain' and the 'behavioral domain' for the precise diagnosis of ASD have been tabulated and major differences between DSM-5 and DSM-4 are depicted with the help of a figure in this basic review article. A sharp rise in the incidence of ASD cases has been observed worldwide owing to various risk factors such as genetic predisposition coupled with adverse environmental conditions, gynecological interventions, etc. Two official manuals viz. the "Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders" (DSM) (published by the American Psychiatric Association), and the "International Classification of Diseases" (ICD) (published by the World Health Organization) is being regularly updated to facilitate diagnosis of ASD. ICD-11 guidelines being prospectively implemented with effect from January 2022 have attracted global attention.
目前流行的“自闭症谱系障碍”（ASD）一词，经过一个多世纪的不断发展演变而来。ASD 是一种异质性、多因素的发育障碍，在婴儿和幼儿时期会出现异常的发育模式。根据 DSM-5，自闭症谱系障碍是一组复杂发育障碍的统称，包括“自闭症、未特定的广泛性发育障碍（PDD-NOS）和阿斯伯格障碍”。“ASD 的特征不仅是持续存在的互惠性社交沟通和社交互动障碍，还表现为受限的、重复的行为、兴趣或活动模式”。本基础综述文章以图表形式描述了为 ASD 精确诊断而存在于两个主要领域（即“社会领域”和“行为领域”）的经典临床特征，并比较了 DSM-5 和 DSM-4 之间的主要差异。由于遗传易感性加上不良环境条件、妇科干预等各种风险因素，全球范围内 ASD 病例的发病率急剧上升。两个官方手册，即“精神障碍诊断与统计手册”（DSM）（由美国精神病学协会出版）和“国际疾病分类”（ICD）（由世界卫生组织出版）正在定期更新，以促进 ASD 的诊断。自 2022 年 1 月起前瞻性实施的 ICD-11 指南引起了全球关注。
