Department of General-, Visceral- and Transplantation Surgery, University Medical Center Mainz, Langenbeckstr. 1, 55131, Mainz, Germany.
Department of Simulation and Graphics, Faculty of Computer Science, University of Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany.
Langenbecks Arch Surg. 2021 May;406(3):911-915. doi: 10.1007/s00423-021-02127-7. Epub 2021 Mar 12.
Three-dimensional (3D) surgical planning is widely accepted in liver surgery. Currently, the 3D reconstructions are usually presented as 3D PDF data on regular monitors. 3D-printed liver models are sometimes used for education and planning.
We developed an immersive virtual reality (VR) application that enables the presentation of preoperative 3D models. The 3D reconstructions are exported as STL files and easily imported into the application, which creates the virtual model automatically. The presentation is possible in "OpenVR"-ready VR headsets. To interact with the 3D liver model, VR controllers are used. Scaling is possible, as well as changing the opacity from invisible over transparent to fully opaque. In addition, the surgeon can draw potential resection lines on the surface of the liver. All these functions can be used in a single or multi-user mode.
Five highly experienced HPB surgeons of our department evaluated the VR application after using it for the very first time and considered it helpful according to the "System Usability Scale" (SUS) with a score of 76.6%. Especially with the subitem "necessary learning effort," it was shown that the application is easy to use.
We introduce an immersive, interactive presentation of medical volume data for preoperative 3D liver surgery planning. The application is easy to use and may have advantages over 3D PDF and 3D print in preoperative liver surgery planning. Prospective trials are needed to evaluate the optimal presentation mode of 3D liver models.
三维（3D）手术规划在肝脏手术中被广泛接受。目前，3D 重建通常以常规显示器上的 3D PDF 数据呈现。有时也会使用 3D 打印的肝脏模型进行教育和规划。
我们开发了一种沉浸式虚拟现实（VR）应用程序，可用于呈现术前 3D 模型。3D 重建以 STL 文件导出，可轻松导入应用程序，该应用程序会自动创建虚拟模型。可在支持“OpenVR”的 VR 头显中进行演示。使用 VR 控制器与 3D 肝脏模型进行交互。可以进行缩放，也可以将不透明度从不可见变为透明再变为完全不透明。此外，外科医生可以在肝脏表面绘制潜在的切除线。所有这些功能都可以在单用户或多用户模式下使用。
我们部门的 5 名经验丰富的肝胆外科医生在首次使用该 VR 应用程序后对其进行了评估，并根据“系统可用性量表”（SUS）给出了 76.6%的分数，认为其很有帮助。特别是在“必要的学习投入”这一子项中，表明该应用程序易于使用。
我们介绍了一种用于术前 3D 肝脏手术规划的沉浸式、交互式医学容积数据呈现方法。该应用程序易于使用，在术前肝脏手术规划中可能优于 3D PDF 和 3D 打印。需要进行前瞻性试验来评估 3D 肝脏模型的最佳呈现模式。
