Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
BMJ Open. 2021 Mar 22;11(3):e048020. doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2020-048020.
Studies in clinical settings showed a potential relationship between socioeconomic status (SES) and lifestyle factors with COVID-19, but it is still unknown whether this holds in the general population. In this study, we investigated the associations of SES with self-reported, tested and diagnosed COVID-19 status in the general population.
DESIGN, SETTING, PARTICIPANTS AND OUTCOME MEASURES: Participants were 49 474 men and women (46±12 years) residing in the Northern Netherlands from the Lifelines cohort study. SES indicators and lifestyle factors (i.e., smoking status, physical activity, alcohol intake, diet quality, sleep time and TV watching time) were assessed by questionnaire from the Lifelines Biobank. Self-reported, tested and diagnosed COVID-19 status was obtained from the Lifelines COVID-19 questionnaire.
There were 4711 participants who self-reported having had a COVID-19 infection, 2883 participants tested for COVID-19, and 123 positive cases were diagnosed in this study population. After adjustment for age, sex, lifestyle factors, body mass index and ethnicity, we found that participants with low education or low income were less likely to self-report a COVID-19 infection (OR [95% CI]: low education 0.78 [0.71 to 0.86]; low income 0.86 [0.79 to 0.93]) and be tested for COVID-19 (OR [95% CI]: low education 0.58 [0.52 to 0.66]; low income 0.86 [0.78 to 0.95]) compared with high education or high income groups, respectively.
Our findings suggest that the low SES group was the most vulnerable population to self-reported and tested COVID-19 status in the general population.
临床研究表明，社会经济地位（SES）和生活方式因素与 COVID-19 之间存在潜在关联，但在普通人群中尚不清楚是否存在这种关联。本研究旨在调查 SES 与普通人群中自我报告、检测和诊断 COVID-19 状况之间的关联。
设计、地点、参与者和结果测量：参与者为来自 Lifelines 队列研究的 49474 名男性和女性（46±12 岁），居住在荷兰北部。SES 指标和生活方式因素（即吸烟状况、身体活动、饮酒量、饮食质量、睡眠时间和看电视时间）通过 Lifelines 生物库的问卷进行评估。自我报告、检测和诊断的 COVID-19 状况来自 Lifelines COVID-19 问卷。
本研究人群中，有 4711 名参与者自我报告感染了 COVID-19，2883 名参与者接受了 COVID-19 检测，123 例确诊病例。在调整年龄、性别、生活方式因素、体重指数和种族后，我们发现受教育程度低或收入低的参与者自我报告 COVID-19 感染的可能性较低（OR [95%CI]：低教育程度为 0.78 [0.71 至 0.86]；低收入为 0.86 [0.79 至 0.93]），接受 COVID-19 检测的可能性也较低（OR [95%CI]：低教育程度为 0.58 [0.52 至 0.66]；低收入为 0.86 [0.78 至 0.95]），与高教育程度或高收入组相比。
我们的研究结果表明，SES 较低的人群是普通人群中自我报告和检测 COVID-19 状况最脆弱的人群。
