Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.
Pisa University Medical School, Pisa, Italy.
Med Princ Pract. 2021;30(5):401-411. doi: 10.1159/000516067. Epub 2021 Mar 24.
A significant number of studies suggest that coffee consumption reduces cancer risk. This beneficial effect is usually ascribed to the presence of polyphenolic antioxidants and anti-inflammatory agents, including caffeine, cafestol, kahweol, and chlorogenic acids. To summarize recent literature on this subject, we performed a bibliographic search in PubMed and Embase over the period January 2005 to December 2020 to identify cohort studies and meta-analysis (with data collection ensuring quality of selected reports) that could provide quantitative data on the relationship between coffee consumption and common cancers. The totality of eligible scientific articles supports the evidence that coffee intake is inversely associated with risk of hepatocellular cancer and, to a slight extent, risk of breast cancer among postmenopausal women. As to the association with other organs, including the esophagus, pancreas, colorectum, kidneys, bladder, ovaries, and prostate, the results are less clear as reports reveal conflicting results or statistically nonsignificant data. Therefore, this overview does not provide broad-based conclusions. Important uncertainties include general study design, inhomogeneous patient sampling, different statistical analysis (deliberate), misreporting of socioeconomic status, education, coffee-brewing methods, consumption of caffeinated or decaffeinated coffee, smoking habits, and alcohol intake. Clearly, more epidemiologic research needs to be conducted before solid science-based recommendations can be made with regard to coffee consumption.
大量研究表明，咖啡的摄入可降低癌症风险。这种有益作用通常归因于多酚类抗氧化剂和抗炎剂的存在，包括咖啡因、咖啡醇、卡瓦醇和绿原酸。为了总结这一主题的最新文献，我们在 PubMed 和 Embase 中进行了文献检索，检索时间为 2005 年 1 月至 2020 年 12 月，以确定队列研究和荟萃分析（数据收集确保了所选报告的质量），这些研究可以提供有关咖啡摄入与常见癌症之间关系的定量数据。所有符合条件的科学文章都支持这样的证据，即咖啡的摄入与肝细胞癌的风险呈负相关，并且在绝经后妇女中，乳腺癌的风险也略有降低。至于与其他器官（包括食管、胰腺、结肠直肠、肾脏、膀胱、卵巢和前列腺）的关联，结果则不太明确，因为报告显示结果相互矛盾或数据无统计学意义。因此，该综述并未得出广泛的结论。重要的不确定因素包括一般的研究设计、患者采样的不均匀性、不同的统计分析（故意的）、社会经济地位、教育程度、咖啡冲泡方法、摄入含咖啡因或脱咖啡因咖啡、吸烟习惯和饮酒量的错误报告。显然，在基于坚实科学的建议可以就咖啡的摄入提出之前，还需要进行更多的流行病学研究。
