Zheng Qi, Putker Vera, Goverse Aska
Laboratory of Nematology, Department of Plant Sciences, Wageningen University, Wageningen, Netherlands.
Front Plant Sci. 2021 Mar 9;12:641582. doi: 10.3389/fpls.2021.641582. eCollection 2021.
Cyst nematodes are able to infect a wide range of crop species and are regarded as a major threat in crop production. In response to invasion of cyst nematodes, plants activate their innate immune system to defend themselves by conferring basal and host-specific defense responses depending on the plant genotype. Basal defense is dependent on the detection of pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) by pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), while host-specific defense mainly relies on the activation of canonical and non-canonical resistance () genes or quantitative trait loci (QTL). Currently, application of genes and QTLs in crop species is a major approach to control cyst nematode in crop cultivation. However, emerging virulent cyst nematode field populations are threatening crop production due to host genetic selection by the application of a limited set of resistance genes in current crop cultivars. To counteract this problem, increased knowledge about the mechanisms involved in host-specific resistance mediated by genes and QTLs to cyst nematodes is indispensable to improve their efficient and sustainable use in field crops. Despite the identification of an increasing number of resistance traits to cyst nematodes in various crops, the underlying genes and defense mechanisms are often unknown. In the last decade, indebt studies on the functioning of a number of cyst nematode genes and QTLs have revealed novel insights in how plants respond to cyst nematode infection by the activation of host-specific defense responses. This review presents current knowledge of molecular and cellular mechanisms involved in the recognition of cyst nematodes, the activation of defense signaling and resistance response types mediated by genes or QTLs. Finally, future directions for research are proposed to develop management strategies to better control cyst nematodes in crop cultivation.
胞囊线虫能够感染多种作物品种，被视为作物生产中的主要威胁。针对胞囊线虫的入侵，植物会激活其先天免疫系统，根据植物基因型赋予基础防御和宿主特异性防御反应来保护自身。基础防御依赖于模式识别受体（PRRs）对病原体相关分子模式（PAMPs）的检测，而宿主特异性防御主要依赖于经典和非经典抗性（）基因或数量性状位点（QTL）的激活。目前，在作物品种中应用抗性基因和QTL是作物种植中控制胞囊线虫的主要方法。然而，由于在当前作物品种中应用有限的一组抗性基因进行宿主遗传选择，新出现的毒性胞囊线虫田间种群正威胁着作物生产。为了应对这一问题，增加对由抗性基因和QTL介导的宿主特异性抗性机制的了解对于提高其在大田作物中的有效和可持续利用至关重要。尽管在各种作物中已鉴定出越来越多对胞囊线虫的抗性性状，但其潜在基因和防御机制往往未知。在过去十年中，对一些胞囊线虫抗性基因和QTL功能的深入研究揭示了植物如何通过激活宿主特异性防御反应来应对胞囊线虫感染的新见解。本综述介绍了目前关于胞囊线虫识别、防御信号激活以及由抗性基因或QTL介导的抗性反应类型所涉及的分子和细胞机制的知识。最后，提出了未来的研究方向，以制定管理策略，更好地控制作物种植中的胞囊线虫。
