Department of West Asian and North African Studies, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, India.
Environ Sci Pollut Res Int. 2021 Aug;28(31):41988-41999. doi: 10.1007/s11356-021-13468-7. Epub 2021 Apr 1.
The present research article uses simultaneous equation modelling approach to investigate the three-way linkages between economic growth, energy consumption, and environmental quality in Turkey for the 1970 to 2014 period. Further, the study uses physical capital stock, labour force, manufacturing value added, trade openness, credit to private sector, and urbanisation as control variables. The paper employs generalised method of moments (GMM) technique that ensures consistent and efficient estimates of the long-run relationship. The econometric approach controls for nonstationarity, endogeneity, cross-error correlation, and heteroscedasticity problems. Further, robustness of the results is checked by using three-stage least squares (3SLS) estimator. The statistical results of the paper support the existence of bidirectional causality between energy consumption and economic growth, CO emissions and economic growth, and CO emissions and energy consumption. Moreover, the results indicate existence of a monotonically increasing relationship between CO emissions and economic growth implying non-existence of Environmental Kuznets Curve hypothesis in Turkey during the sample period. The findings of the present study are of particular interest to policymakers as they help pursue economic policies to achieve sustainable development.
本研究论文采用联立方程模型方法，考察了 1970 年至 2014 年期间土耳其经济增长、能源消费和环境质量之间的三向联系。此外，本研究还使用了实物资本存量、劳动力、制造业增加值、贸易开放度、私营部门信贷和城市化作为控制变量。本文采用广义矩估计（GMM）技术，确保了长期关系的一致性和有效性估计。该计量经济学方法控制了非平稳性、内生性、交叉误差相关性和异方差性问题。此外，还通过三阶段最小二乘法（3SLS）估计器检查了结果的稳健性。本文的统计结果支持能源消费与经济增长、CO2 排放与经济增长以及 CO2 排放与能源消费之间存在双向因果关系。此外，结果表明 CO2 排放与经济增长之间存在单调递增关系，这意味着在样本期间，土耳其不存在环境库兹涅茨曲线假说。本研究的结果对政策制定者特别感兴趣，因为它们有助于制定实现可持续发展的经济政策。
