Centre for Cardiovascular Sciences, Edinburgh University, Edinburgh, United Kingdom.
Institute for Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Medical Faculty, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany.
J Innate Immun. 2022;14(1):4-30. doi: 10.1159/000515117. Epub 2021 Apr 13.
Metabolic disorders, such as obesity, type 2 diabetes mellitus, and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, are characterized by chronic low-grade tissue and systemic inflammation. During obesity, the adipose tissue undergoes immunometabolic and functional transformation. Adipose tissue inflammation is driven by innate and adaptive immune cells and instigates insulin resistance. Here, we discuss the role of innate immune cells, that is, macrophages, neutrophils, eosinophils, natural killer cells, innate lymphoid type 2 cells, dendritic cells, and mast cells, in the adipose tissue in the healthy (lean) and diseased (obese) state and describe how their function is shaped by the obesogenic microenvironment, and humoral, paracrine, and cellular interactions. Moreover, we particularly outline the role of hypoxia as a central regulator in adipose tissue inflammation. Finally, we discuss the long-lasting effects of adipose tissue inflammation and its potential reversibility through drugs, caloric restriction, or exercise training.
代谢紊乱疾病，如肥胖、2 型糖尿病和非酒精性脂肪肝疾病，其特征是慢性低度组织和全身炎症。在肥胖期间，脂肪组织经历免疫代谢和功能转化。脂肪组织炎症由先天和适应性免疫细胞驱动，并引发胰岛素抵抗。在这里，我们讨论先天免疫细胞（即巨噬细胞、中性粒细胞、嗜酸性粒细胞、自然杀伤细胞、2 型固有淋巴细胞、树突状细胞和肥大细胞）在健康（瘦）和疾病（肥胖）状态下的脂肪组织中的作用，并描述它们的功能如何被致肥胖微环境以及体液、旁分泌和细胞相互作用塑造。此外，我们特别概述了缺氧作为脂肪组织炎症的中央调节剂的作用。最后，我们讨论了脂肪组织炎症的长期影响及其通过药物、热量限制或运动训练恢复的潜在可能性。
