Jarmul Stephanie, Dangour Alan D, Green Rosemary, Liew Zara, Haines Andy, Scheelbeek Pauline Fd
Department of Population Health, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London WC1E 7HT, United Kingdom.
Centre on Climate Change and Planetary Health, London School ofHygiene & Tropical Medicine, London WC1E 7HT, United Kingdom.
Environ Res Lett. 2020 Dec 22;15:123014. doi: 10.1088/1748-9326/abc2f7.
The adoption of healthy diets with low environmental impact has been widely promoted as an important climate change mitigation strategy. Typically, these diets are high in plant-sourced and low in animal-sourced and processed foods. Despite the fact that their environmental impacts vary, they are often referred to as 'sustainable diets'. Here we systematically review the available published evidence on the effect of 'sustainable diets' on environmental footprints and human health. Eight databases (OvidSP-Medline, OvidSP-Embase, EBSCO-GreenFILE, Web of Science Core Collection, Scopus, OvidSP-CAB-Abstracts, OvidSP-AGRIS, and OvidSP-Global Health) were searched to identify literature (published 1999-2019) reporting health effects and environmental footprints of 'sustainable diets'. Available evidence was mapped and pooled analysis was conducted by unique combinations of diet pattern, health and environmental outcome. Eighteen studies (412 measurements) met our inclusion criteria, distinguishing twelve non-mutually exclusive sustainable diet patterns, six environmental outcomes, and seven health outcomes. In 87% of measurements (n = 151) positive health outcomes were reported from 'sustainable diets' (average relative health improvement: 4.09% [95% CI -0.10-8.29]) when comparing 'sustainable diets' to current/baseline consumption patterns. Greenhouse gas emissions associated with 'sustainable diets' were on average 25.8%[95%CI -27.0 to -14.6] lower than current/baseline consumption patterns, with vegan diets reporting the largest reduction in GHG-emissions (-70.3% [95% CI: -90.2 to -50.4]), however, water use was frequently reported to be higher than current/baseline diets. Multiple benefits for both health and the environment were reported in the majority (n = 315[76%]) of measurements. We identified consistent evidence of both positive health effects and reduced environmental footprints accruing from 'sustainable diets'. The notable exception of increased water use associated with 'sustainable diets' identifies that co-benefits are not universal and some trade-offs are likely. When carefully designed, evidence-based, and adapted to contextual factors, dietary change could play a pivotal role in climate change mitigation, sustainable food systems, and future population health.
采用对环境影响较小的健康饮食已被广泛推广为一项重要的气候变化缓解策略。通常，这些饮食以植物性食物为主，动物性食物和加工食品含量较低。尽管它们对环境的影响各不相同，但通常被称为“可持续饮食”。在此，我们系统地回顾了已发表的关于“可持续饮食”对环境足迹和人类健康影响的现有证据。我们检索了八个数据库（OvidSP-Medline、OvidSP-Embase、EBSCO-GreenFILE、Web of Science核心合集、Scopus、OvidSP-CAB-文摘、OvidSP-AGRIS和OvidSP-全球健康），以识别报告“可持续饮食”健康影响和环境足迹的文献（发表于1999 - 2019年）。对现有证据进行了梳理，并按饮食模式、健康和环境结果的独特组合进行了汇总分析。18项研究（412次测量）符合我们的纳入标准，区分出12种并非相互排斥的可持续饮食模式、6种环境结果和7种健康结果。在87%的测量结果（n = 151）中，与当前/基线消费模式相比，“可持续饮食”报告了积极的健康结果（平均相对健康改善：4.09% [95%置信区间 -0.10 - 8.29]）。与“可持续饮食 ”相关的温室气体排放平均比当前/基线消费模式低25.8%[95%置信区间 -27.0至 -14.6]，纯素饮食的温室气体排放减少幅度最大（-70.3% [95%置信区间： -90.2至 -50.4]），然而，经常报告的是其用水量高于当前/基线饮食。在大多数（n = 315 [76%]）测量结果中都报告了对健康和环境的多重益处。我们发现了“可持续饮食”对健康有积极影响且能减少环境足迹的一致证据。与“可持续饮食”相关的用水量增加这一显著例外表明，共同益处并非普遍存在，可能存在一些权衡。经过精心设计、基于证据并适应具体情况因素后，饮食变化在缓解气候变化、可持续粮食系统和未来人口健康方面可以发挥关键作用。
