Mba Ifeanyi Elibe, Sharndama Hyelnaya Cletus, Osondu-Chuka Goodness Ogechi, Okeke Onyekachi Philomena
Department of Microbiology, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria.
Infect Dis (Lond). 2021 Aug;53(8):559-580. doi: 10.1080/23744235.2021.1916071. Epub 2021 Apr 27.
The emergence of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) constitutes the most significant global public health challenge in a century. It has reignited research interest in coronavirus. While little information is available, research is currently in progress to comprehensively understand the general biology and immune response mechanism against SARS-CoV-2. The spike proteins (S protein) of SARS-CoV-2 perform a crucial function in viral infection establishment. ACE2 and TMPRSS2 play a pivotal role in viral entry. Upon viral entry, the released pro-inflammatory proteins (cytokines and chemokines) cause the migration of the T cells, monocytes, and macrophages to the infection site. IFNϒ released by T cells initiates a loop of pro-inflammatory feedback. The inflammatory state may further enhance with an increase in immune dysfunction responsible for the infection's progression. A treatment approach that prevents ACE2-mediated viral entry and reduces inflammatory response is a crucial therapeutic intervention strategy, and nanomaterials and their conjugates are promising candidates. Nanoparticles can inhibit viral entry and replication. Nanomaterials have also found application in targeted drug delivery and also in developing a vaccine against SARS-CoV-2. Here, we briefly summarize the origin, transmission, and clinical features of SARS-CoV-2. We then discussed the immune response mechanisms of SARS-CoV-2. Finally, we further discussed nanotechnology's potentials as an intervention strategy against SARS-CoV-2 infection. All these understandings will be crucial in developing therapeutic strategies against SARS-CoV-2.
严重急性呼吸综合征冠状病毒2（SARS-CoV-2）的出现是一个世纪以来最重大的全球公共卫生挑战。它重新点燃了人们对冠状病毒的研究兴趣。尽管可用信息很少，但目前正在进行研究以全面了解针对SARS-CoV-2的一般生物学和免疫反应机制。SARS-CoV-2的刺突蛋白（S蛋白）在病毒感染的建立过程中发挥着关键作用。血管紧张素转换酶2（ACE2）和跨膜丝氨酸蛋白酶2（TMPRSS2）在病毒进入过程中起关键作用。病毒进入后，释放的促炎蛋白（细胞因子和趋化因子）会导致T细胞、单核细胞和巨噬细胞迁移到感染部位。T细胞释放的干扰素γ启动了促炎反馈循环。随着负责感染进展的免疫功能障碍增加，炎症状态可能会进一步增强。一种防止ACE2介导的病毒进入并减少炎症反应的治疗方法是一种关键的治疗干预策略，纳米材料及其缀合物是很有前景的候选者。纳米颗粒可以抑制病毒进入和复制。纳米材料还在靶向药物递送以及开发针对SARS-CoV-2的疫苗方面得到了应用。在此，我们简要总结了SARS-CoV-2的起源、传播和临床特征。然后我们讨论了SARS-CoV-2的免疫反应机制。最后，我们进一步讨论了纳米技术作为对抗SARS-CoV-2感染的干预策略的潜力。所有这些认识对于制定针对SARS-CoV-2的治疗策略至关重要。
