Le Daré B, Pelletier R, Morel I, Gicquel T
Univ Rennes, Inserm, INRAE, Institut NuMeCan (Nutrition, Métabolismes et Cancer), 35000 Rennes, France; Laboratoire de toxicologie biologique et médico-légale, Centre hospitalier universitaire Pontchaillou, 35000 Rennes, France.
Laboratoire de toxicologie biologique et médico-légale, Centre hospitalier universitaire Pontchaillou, 35000 Rennes, France.
Ann Pharm Fr. 2022 Jan;80(1):1-8. doi: 10.1016/j.pharma.2021.04.005. Epub 2021 Apr 26.
The history of ketamine begins in 1962, when Calvin Stevens of the pharmaceutical laboratory Parke-Davis synthesizes it from phencyclidine, a molecule with psychodysleptic, hallucinogenic and dissociative properties. Following the first administration of ketamine to humans in 1964 in Jackson prison (Michigan, USA), its dissociative effects associated with short anaesthesia were reported, and a patent for its human use was filed in 1966. In the 1990s, the discovery of opioid-induced hyperalgesia sparked interest in ketamine as an analgesic. In recent years, the human use of ketamine, and in particular its esketamine enantiomer, has shifted towards the treatment of depression. The first cases of ketamine abuse were reported in 1992 in France, leading to special surveillance by the health authorities, and its inclusion in the list of narcotic drugs in 1997. Today, ketamine has become an attractive substance for recreational use, gradually emerging from alternative techno circles to spread to more commercial party scenes. These elements represent a public health concern, associated with the risk of developing new chemically synthesized analogues, the harmful effects of which are still little known.
氯胺酮的历史始于1962年，当时帕克-戴维斯制药实验室的卡尔文·史蒂文斯从苯环己哌啶合成了它，苯环己哌啶是一种具有致幻、幻觉和解离特性的分子。1964年，氯胺酮首次在美国密歇根州杰克逊监狱用于人体，随后报告了其与短效麻醉相关的解离作用，并于1966年提交了其用于人体的专利申请。20世纪90年代，阿片类药物诱导的痛觉过敏的发现引发了人们对氯胺酮作为镇痛药的兴趣。近年来，氯胺酮，尤其是其艾司氯胺酮对映体在人类中的使用已转向抑郁症的治疗。1992年法国首次报告了氯胺酮滥用病例，导致卫生当局进行特别监测，并于1997年将其列入麻醉药品名单。如今，氯胺酮已成为一种有吸引力的消遣性物质，逐渐从另类电子音乐圈子中出现，蔓延到更商业化的派对场合。这些因素构成了公共卫生问题，与开发新的化学合成类似物的风险相关，其有害影响仍鲜为人知。
