Caneparo Christophe, Brownell David, Chabaud Stéphane, Bolduc Stéphane
Centre de Recherche en Organogénèse Expérimentale/LOEX, Regenerative Medicine Division, CHU de Québec-Université Laval Research Center, Québec, QC G1J 1Z4, Canada.
Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V 4G2, Canada.
Bioengineering (Basel). 2021 Jul 13;8(7):99. doi: 10.3390/bioengineering8070099.
Tissue engineering is an emerging field of research that initially aimed to produce 3D tissues to bypass the lack of adequate tissues for the repair or replacement of deficient organs. The basis of tissue engineering protocols is to create scaffolds, which can have a synthetic or natural origin, seeded or not with cells. At the same time, more and more studies have indicated the low clinic translation rate of research realised using standard cell culture conditions, i.e., cells on plastic surfaces or using animal models that are too different from humans. New models are needed to mimic the 3D organisation of tissue and the cells themselves and the interaction between cells and the extracellular matrix. In this regard, urology and gynaecology fields are of particular interest. The urethra and vagina can be sites suffering from many pathologies without currently adequate treatment options. Due to the specific organisation of the human urethral/bladder and vaginal epithelium, current research models remain poorly representative. In this review, the anatomy, the current pathologies, and the treatments will be described before focusing on producing tissues and research models using tissue engineering. An emphasis is made on the self-assembly approach, which allows tissue production without the need for biomaterials.
组织工程是一个新兴的研究领域，其最初目标是制造三维组织，以绕过用于修复或替换缺损器官的足够组织的缺乏。组织工程方案的基础是创建支架，支架可以是合成的或天然的，有无接种细胞。与此同时，越来越多的研究表明，使用标准细胞培养条件开展的研究，即塑料表面的细胞或使用与人类差异太大的动物模型，临床转化率较低。需要新的模型来模拟组织的三维结构、细胞本身以及细胞与细胞外基质之间的相互作用。在这方面，泌尿外科和妇科领域尤其令人关注。尿道和阴道可能是患有许多疾病但目前没有足够治疗选择的部位。由于人类尿道/膀胱和阴道上皮的特定结构，目前的研究模型仍然缺乏代表性。在这篇综述中，将先描述解剖结构、当前的疾病和治疗方法，然后重点介绍使用组织工程生产组织和研究模型。特别强调了自组装方法，该方法无需生物材料就能生产组织。
